
Class 



r— 



Book_LiQ-i_ 



PRESS OF 

The Sun Book and Job Printing Office 
baltimore, mo. 







ii r~T"i i 



MARYLAND 



//# 




ITS 



Resources, Industries 



AND 



Agricultural Condition. 



i 



SECOND EDITION. 



Prepared and Presented by 

A. S. 'ABELL COMPANY, 

THE SUN, 

BALTIMORE, MD. 



I I I I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 

— 



MARYLAND 




ITS 



Resources, Industries 



AND 



Agricultural Condition. 



SECOND EDITION. 



Prepared and Presented by 

The Sun, Baltimore 



&o 



11 

Al 



PRESS OF 

The Sun Book and Job Printing Office, 
baltimore, mo. 






PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 



The second edition of " Maryland ; Its Resources, 
Industries, and Agricultural Condition," is issued 
by the publishers of The Baltimore Sun, at the sugges- 
tion of Governor Frank Brown • of Maryland, Mayor 
Ferdinand C. Latrobe, of Baltimore, and many others 
who have found the book well adapted to serve present 
needs of the State. Governor Brown, under date of 
September 18, writes as follows : " Permit me to sug- 
gest, that if possible the issue be continued as a good 
means of making the great advantages of this State 
more widely and better known. I consider the book an 
admirable publication, suiting present conditions ex- 
actly, and desire to see it distributed as freely through- 
out the country as may be convenient for you as its 
publishers." 

"»!ayor Latrobe writes in the same vein suggesting 
the printing of another editon. The Mayor says : "The 
information contained in this book I consider very val- 
uable and am sure that its wide circulation will greatly 
benefit our State and city. While hesitating to ask 
The Sun to incur this expense, I hope that the well- 
known liberality of your great journal in everything 
affecting the interests of Maryland and Baltimore will 
induce you to give my request favorable consideration." 

Originally prepared by The Sun as a Souvenir of 
Maryland Day, September 12, 1893, at the World's Fair, 
Chicago, a large edition of the book was distributed 



free. The publication has found such favor and is con- 
sidered by all who have read it to be so useful, that the 
publishers take great pleasure in yielding to the request 
of the Governor and the Mayor, which they are pleased 
to state seems to be the wish also of many other esteemed 
correspondents in private station, who have written in 
commendation of the work. 

As was stated in the announcement to the first edi- 
tion : "Maryland has made remarkable progress in the 
development of its varied resources in recent years, and 
it offers exceptional attractions to settlers desiring to 
locate where they will have the opportunity to better 
their condition." It is in the hope of furthering this 
desirable object, that the present edition is printed. 

Added to the original work is a record of the Mary- 
land Day Ceremonies and some extracts from the 
speeches delivered on that occasion, calculated to pro- 
mote the same object. 

A. S. ABELL COMPANY. 

THE SIX. 
Baltimore, October 1, 1893. 




MARYLAND STATE FLAG. 



MARYLAN D. 



CHAPTER I. 



THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

Maryland, a border State, is in touch on the one hand 
with the industrial progress of the Middle States, and 
on the other with the agricultural pursuits of the South, 
while its favorable position on the Atlantic Coast, and 
its extensive water area, give it advantages for com- 
merce possessed by no other State of the Union. The 
Chesapeake bay divides the State into two parts, and 
extends from the capes up into Cecil and Harford coun- 
ties, where the Susquehanna river empties into it at the 
north. From the east this magnificent bay is refreshed 
by eight large rivers and an equal number from the 
west, to say nothing of many smaller streams. The 
rivers emptying into this noble basin of the Chesapeake 
on the eastern side are the Elk, Sassafras, Chester, 
Third Haven, Cboptank, Xanticoke, Wicomico and 
Pocomoke; on the west the rivers are the Bush, Gun- 
powder, Patapsco, South, West, Severn, Patuxent, and 
Potomac. These large streams, numbering seventeen 
in all, flowing into the bay from the north and the 
east and the west, are like many outstretched arms, 
affording not alone easy means of transportation, but 
embracing a great wealth of resources, the full develop- 
ment of which affords many inviting opportunities. The 
climate of Maryland is mild and healthy ; the soil and the 
water are both fruitful; the burthen of taxation is ex- 
tremely light ; the best advantages are afforded for educa- 
tion ; and there is no place where industrious people will 



O MARYLAND. 

find a better chance of making a comfortable living 
easily, or where well-directed enterprise is so sure to be 
rewarded with great success. These opportunities pre- 
sent themselves on every hand — in the mountain region 
of the western counties; in the midland region, of 
which Baltimore City is the industrial and commercial 
centre ; on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake, where 
manufactures are growing, and in Southern Maryland, 
which gets a strong impulse from the National Capital 
and the District of Columbia. 

The influence of the three great cities, Philadelphia, 
Baltimore and Washington, is directly exerted in the 
development of Maryland, and to these may be added 
the influence also of the flourishing industrial city of 
Wilmington, Del. 

A good many manufacturers of New York, Phila- 
delphia and Baltimore find it advantageous to locate 
their industrial establishments in Maryland, where labor 
is plentiful and living cheap. Such a premium is set 
upon industrial pursuits that ground is often given free 
and other inducements liberally offered for the location 
of manufacturing plants in towns and villages con- 
venient to railway lines or water routes. For desirable 
business enterprises highly favorable terms may be had 
in almost any part of the State. In Baltimore City, the 
plant of manufacturing establishments is exempt from 
local taxation, and water is abundantly supplied at 
exceedingly low rates for the service. 

WATER POWER. 

Maryland has no small advantages in its water power, 
which is very great. The streams in eastern arid south- 
ern counties are sluggish, but in the western, northern 
and central parts of the State, where the country is hilly 
and the streams drain extensive territorial areas, the 
water power available for manufacturing purposes is 
immense. From Point of Rocks in Frederick county to 



MARYLAND. ' 

tide at Georgetown the Potomac river falls 230 feet in 47 
miles. At the Great Falls of the Potomac, 14 miles above 
Georgetown, the river descends 80 to 90 feet in the dis- 
tance of one and a-half miles. The descent of the prin- 
cipal fall is 35 or 40 feet in 150 yards. This is increased 
to 80 or 90 feet for a mile and a-half. The drainage area 
above the Great Falls is estimated at 11,476 square miles 
and the available power in low seasons at over 20,000 
horse-power. The water supply for Washington and 
Georgetown is taken from above these Great Falls by a 
splendid aqueduct system and natural flow. 

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal running parallel 
with the Potomac from Georgetown to Cumberland, 
nearly 200 miles, affords ready facilities for the eco- 
nomical use of the abundant water-power of the river. 
The Patuxent, the Patapsco and the Susquehanna, all 
draining extensive territorial areas, have water-power 
facilities that present good opportunities for develop- 
ment. In Cecil county, Principio, Northeast and Big 
Elk creeks use the water-power for cotton, woolen, 
grist, saw and paper mills. The water-power of the 
streams in Garrett, Allegany, Washington and Freder- 
ick is very great. At Harper's Ferry, just above where 
the Shenandoah flows into the Potomac, is a magnifi- 
cent power. The fall from the canal dam to the 
mouth of the Shenandoah is about 22 feet. Above 
Harper's Ferry the Potomac receives the Antietam creek. 
Between the mouth of the Antietam and Williamsport 
there are two sites upon the Potomac, one a mile below 
Shepherdstown, which has an estimated power, in the 
low season of dry years, of 920 horse-power, and a 
second, some 10 to 15 miles above, of 725 horse-power. 
The Conococheague creek, which joins the Potomac 
near Williamsport, drains an area of about 500 square 
miles. In all this region there are abundant oppor- 
tunities for milling and other manufacturing enter- 
prises. 



MARYLAND. 



IMKEDDED WEALTH. 



As the Chesapeake bay is the centre of the State, 
almost wholly within Maryland jurisdiction, its import- 
ance commands attention. Prof. Wm. K. Brooks, of 
Johns Hopkins University, says: "The Chesapeake 
bay is a great river valley; not as large as that of the 
Nile or Ganges, but of enough consequnce to play an 
important part in human affairs, and to support in com- 
fort and prosperity a population as great as that of 
many famous States. It receives the drainage of a vast 
area of fertile land stretching over the meadows and 
hillsides of nearly one-third of New York and nearly 
all of the great agricultural States of Pennsylvania, 
Maryland and Virginia. The most valuable part of the 
soil of this great track of farming land, more than forty 
million acres in area, ultimately finds its way to the 
bay, in whose quiet waters it makes a long halt on its 
journey to the ocean, and it is deposited all over the 
bay, in the form of tine, light, black sediment known as 
oyster mud. This is just as valuable to man, and just 
as fit to nourish plants, as the mud which settles every 
year on the wheat fields and rice fields of Egypt." This 
alluvium is in fact a natural fertilizer which sustains an 
endless variety of microscopic plants and animals on 
which the Chesapeake bay oyster fattens and multiplies 
and becomes the exceptional oyster of the world for 
flavor and other qualities. It is estimated that for fifty- 
six years, that is from 1834, when the oyster packing 
business was established in Maryland, to the year 1891, 
upwards of 400,000,000 bushels of oysters were taken 
from the natural beds in the Chesapeake bay and its 
tributaries for packing and shipment. Under proper 
restrictions and regulated oyster farming, which must 
come in the near future, the Chesapeake oyster supply 
will prove an almost boundless source of wealth and 



MARYLAND. 



9 



comfort and prosperity to man}' thousands of the 
inhabitants of the State. 

THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE. 

Since the organization of the Maryland State "Weather 
Service in 1891, extended and valuable observations 
have been made by the scientists of the bureau, which 
cannot fail to be of practical use to every one who may 
look towards this State for a home or for a business 
pursuit. It has been well said that "Nothing so 
materially affects the development of a country as its 
climate," and that where the climate is favorable there 
prosperity and progress may be confidently sought. 
This condition exists in Maryland, where all the nat- 
ural surroundings and diversity of climate permit a 
variety of pursuits, and where the welfare of the com- 
munity does not depend upon the success or failure of 
one or more enterprises. Prof. Wm. B. Clark, of the 
Johns Hopkins University, director of the Maryland 
State Weather Service, says: "Such diversity in cli- 
mate, with its attendant variety of occupations, is found 
in the State of Maryland. This maybe explained by 
the complexity of the surface configuration, the pres- 
ence of the sea upon the eastern borders, the great area 
of highland which occupies the western division, and 
the bays and estuaries which deeply indent the land in 
all directions in the Chesapeake region. Although the 
climate in general is what is known as continental, it is 
greatly modified in the eastern portion of the State by 
the ocean and the Chesapeake bay, and in the extreme 
southeast becomes almost oceanic or insular, surrounded 
as the land is on nearly all sides by water." 

The climate is such, in fact, that out of doors work 
may be done comfortably for nine months in the year. 
There are no blizzards or cyclones, and long con- 
tinued droughts are rare. 



10 



MARYLAND. 



TEMPERATURE. 

The annual mean temperature of the State of Mary- 
land is 53.8, and for the seasons as follows : 

Spring, 51.2; Summer, 74.0; Autumn, 55.0; Winter, 
34.4. 

The mean temperature for the four climatic divisions 
of Maryland during the seasons of the year is as 
follows : 



Climatic Divisions. 


a 


Summer. 


Autumn. 


Winter. 


u 

a 
a. 




51.7 


74.5 


55.8 


36.1 


54.5 




53.1 


75.5 


57.2 


36.9 


55.6 


Northern-Cent. Maryland 


50.6 


73.5 


54.3 


33.1 


53.0 


Western Maryland 


49.4 


72.7 


52.7 


31.7 


52.0 



RAIN FALL, ETC. 

The mean precipitation, rain fall, etc., for the year, in 
the whole State is 42.43 inches. For the seasons it is as 
follows : 

Spring, 12.88; Summer, 11.60; Autumn 9.64: Win- 
ter, 9.31. 

The mean precipitation for the four climatic divisions 
of Maryland during the seasons is as follows : 



Climatic Divisions. 



Eastern Maryland 

Southern Maryland 

Northern- Cent. Maryland 
Western Maryland 





. 










ti 


. 


be 


a 


3 


- 
- 




XT. 


Aut 


9.40 


12.39 


11.74 


9.13 


12.71 


11.96 


10.77 


9.31 


12.07 


11.91 


10.02 


9.73 


10.33 


10.78 


8.63 


8.81 



1 



42.66 
44.75 
43.73 
38.55 







MARYLAND. 






11 






COUNTY AREAS. 








Tke gross 


area of the State of Maryland 


is 


12,210 


square miles, 


of which 2,350 square miles are 


water 


and 


9,860 square 


miles 


land. The county areas- 


— land- 


—in 


square miles 


are as 


follows : 








Allegany, 




477 


Harford, 






422 


Anne Arundel 




400 


Howard, 






250 


Baltimore, 




622 


Kent, 






315 


Baltimore City 




32 


Montgomery, 






508 


Calvert, 




218 


Prince George's, 






480 


Caroline, 




315 


Queen Anne's, 






352 


Carroll, 




426 


Saint Mary's, 






360 


Cecil, 




375 


Somerset, 






365 


Charles, 




460 


Talbot, 






285 


Dorchester, 




610 


Washington, 






435 


Frederick. 




633 


Wicomico, 






369 


Garrett. 




680 


Worcester, 






475 




POPULATION OF MARYLAND. 









TOTAL 



Counties. 



The State, 

Allegany, 

Anne Arundel, 

Baltimore, 

Baltimore city, 

Calvert, 

Caroline, 

Carroll , 

Cecil, 

Charles, 

Dorchester, 

Frederick, 

Garrett, 

Harford, 

Howard, 

Kent, 

Montgomery, 

Prince George's 

Queen Anne's, 

St. Mary's, 

Somerset, 

Talbot, 

Washington, 

Wicomico, 

Worcester, 




41,571 
34,094' 
72,909 
434,439 
9,860 
13,903 
32,376| 
25,851 
15,191 
24,843 
49,512 
14,213 
28,993 
16,269 
17,471 
27,185| 
26,080, 
18,461; 
15,819, 
24,155 
19.736 
39,782, 
•19,930! 
19,747| 



19,874 


20,261 


10,429 


9,151 


32,292 


30,387 


76,949 


190,194 


2,520 


2,276 


5,088 


5,004 


15,037 


15,204 


11,156 


10,694 


3,500 


3,554 


8,259 


7,874 


21,215 


21,768 


7,284 


6,744 


11,487 


11,130 


6,307 


5,852 


5,504 


5,160 


8,821 


8,679 


7,606 


7,261 


6,193 


5,711 


4,185 


3,968 


7,573 


7,077 


6,275 


5,973 


18,206 


19,068 


7,350 


7,381 


6,695 


6,317 



716 
7,573 
5,448 
29,165 
2,661 
1,974 
1,087 
2,079 
4,134 
4,437 
3,236 
95 
3,295 
2,088 
3,607 
4,901 
5,989 
3,471 
3,908 
4,993 
3,916 
1,216 
2,560 
3,337 



720 
6,941 
4,782 
38,131 
2,403 
1,837 
1,048 
1,922 
4,003 
4,273 
3,293 
90 
3,081 
2,022 
3,200 
4,784 
5,224 
3,086 
3,758 
4,512 
3,572 
1,292 
2,639 
3,398 



12 



MARYLAND. 



URBAN POPULATION. 

The population of the thirty-four cities, towns and 
villages of Maryland having 1,000 or more inhabitants) 
in the order of their rank, is as follows : 







POPULATION- 


Cities, Towns ami 


Counties. 






Villages. 


1890. 


1880. 


Baltimore city 




434,439 


332,313 


Cumberland, 


Allegany, 


12,729 


10,693 


Hagerstown. 


Washington. 


10,118 


6,627 


Frederick, 


Frederick, 


8,193 


8,659 


Annapolis, 


Anne Arundel, 


7,604 


6,642 


Cambridge. 


Dorchester. 


4,192 


2,262 


Frostburg, 


Allegany, 


3,804 




Havre de Grace, 


Harford. 


3,244 


2,816 


Easton, 


Talbot, 


2,939 


3,005 


Salisbury, 


Wicomico. 


2,905 


2,581 


Westminster. 


Carroll, 


2,903 


2,507 


Chestertown, 


Kent, 


2,632 


2,569 


Sparrow's Point. 


Baltimore. 


2,507 




Elkton, 


Cecil. 


2,318 


1,752 


Catonsville. 


Baltimore. 


2,115 


1,712 


Laurel, 


Prince George's, 


1,984 


1,206 


Port Deposit , 


Cecil, 


1,908 


1,950 


Pocomoke city. 


Worcester, 


1,866 


1,425 


Rockvilie, 


Montgomery, 


1,568 


688 


Crisfield, 


Somerset, 


1,565 


986 


Westernport, 


Allegany. 


1,526 


1.468 


Hyattsville, 


Prince George's, 


1,509 


288 


Ellicottcity. 


Baltimore & Howard, 


1,488 


1,784 


Towson, 


Baltimore. 


1,487 





Snow Hill. 


Worcester. 


1,483 


1,276 


Belair. 


Harford, 


1,416 




St. Michael ' 3, 


Talbot, 


1,329 


1,175 


Centre ville, 


Queen Antic's. 


1,309 


1,196 


Williamsport, 


Washington. 


1,277 


1,503 


Northeast, 


Cecil, 


1,249 


9SS 


Sharpsburg, 


Washington, 


1,163 


1,260 


Chesapeake city, 


Cecil. 


1,155 


1,402 


< » a lord, 


Talbot, 


1,135 


689 


Oakland, 


Garrett, 


1,046 


910 



The towns of Maryland are as a rule situated in 
healthy localities. Many of them are on tributaries of 
the Chesapeake. Manufacturing industries are spring- 
ing up in most of them and the labor to be had is intel- 
ligent and contented. All the towns and cities are well 
supplied with schools, churches and other institutions, 
and they offer great inducements to settlers who have 
trades or to capital desirous of embarking in manufac- 
turing enterprise-. 



MARYLAND. 



13 



State taxation in Maryland is very light, the rate 
being only 17f cents on the $100.00. County, town and 
city taxes are also easy. In Baltimore, where manufac- 
turing plant is exempted, the State and city taxes 
together are but $1.72£ on the $100.00. 

ASSESSED VALUE OF PROPERTY FOR TAXATION. 



Counties 


Assessed value of 


Amount of Levy 

for 1892 

at 17 Ji cents 

on each $100.00. 


and 


pi-operty for 


Baltimore City. 


State levy in 1892. 


Allegany, 


$ 16,151,538 


$ 28,669 01 


Anne Arundel, 


10,874,049 


19,301 44 


Baltimore city, 


277,171,612 


491,979 61 


Baltimore county, 


41,359,723 


73,413 50 


Calvert, 


2,033,209 


3,608 95 


Caroline, 


4,351,415 


7,723 74 


Carroll, 


15,877,537 


28,182 62 


Cecil, 


13,271,949 


23,557 711 


Charles, 


3,410,140 


6,052 98 


Dorchester, 


6,193,888 


10,994 15 


Frederick. 


23,613,030 


41,913 13 


Carre tt, 


4,261,610 


7,564 86 


Harford, 


12,444,104 


22,088 27 


Howard, 


7,515,094 


13,339 29 


Kent, 


7,783,728 


13,816 11 


Montgomery, 


10,425,320 


18,504 76 


Prince George's, 


9,138,883 


16,221 52 


Queen Anne's, 


7,544,416 


13,391 34 


St. Mary's, 


2,718,126 


4,824 67 


Somerset, 


4,193,568 


7,443 57 


Talbot, 


8,698,294 


15,439 46 


Washington, 


17,351,775 


30,799 40 


Wicomico, 


4,149,119 


7,364 68 


Worcester, 


4,605,481 


8,174 72 


Totals, 


$515,137,528 


$914,368 98 



ASSESSED VALUE OF PROPERTY IN MARYLAND 
FOR SIXTEEN YEARS. 



1877.. $478,468,028 

1878 464,425,790 

1879 466,470,995 

1880 459,187,408 

1881 461,459,939 

1882 462,824,879 

1883 466,089,380 

1884 469,593,225 



1885 $473,452,144 

1886 476,829,611 

1887 485,839,772 

1888 490,016,183 

1889 477,398,380 

1890 482,184,824 

1891 510,003,077 

1892 ......... 515,137,528 



14 



MARYLAND. 



DEBT OF MARYLAND, SEPTEMBER 30, 1892. 

3.65 per cents $3,000,000 00 

3 per cents: 5,684,986 24 

Total bonded debt $8,684,986 24 

Offset- 
Productive investments. . . $3,126,470 00 
Sinking fund investments 

and cash 2,476,229 89 

5,602,699 89 

Net debt $3,082,286 35 

During the year the total bonded debt was decreased 
$2,036,656.28, and now none but 3 per cent, and 3.65 per 
cent, bonds are outstanding. 



MARYLAND COUNTY TAXES. 



Counties. 


1888. 


1889. 


1890. 


1891. 


1892. 


A] leg-any, 


.32* 


.81* 


.93* 


.87 k 


.91* 


Anne Arundel, 


1.14 


.89 


1.09 


.81 


.98 


Baltimore city, 


1.90 


1.90 


1.85 


1.55 


1.55 


do Annex, 


.60 


.60 


.60 


.60 


.60 


Baltimore county, 


.61 


.36 


.63 


.54 


.70 


Calvert, 


• s,i jV, 


.87% 


.92 


.91 


1.10 


Caroline, * 


.97* 


.92* 


.92* 


.92* 


.92* 


Carroll. 


.50 


.50 


.50 


.50 


• 50 


Cecil, 


1.00 


.117 '4 


.70 


• 63 


.82 


Charles, 


.93 


.92 


.93 


.88 


.95 


Dorchester, 


.92* 


.85* 


.92* 


• 92 V 


.95* 


Fredei'ick, 


.65 


.70 


.62 


.62 


.62 


Garrett, 


1.10 


1.08 


.98 


.98 


1.07 


Harford , 


.82 


.75 


.87 


• 83 


1.03 


Howard, 


.(32 


.60 


.76 


.70 


.71 


Kent, 


.91 


.88 


.88 


.82 


.97 


Montgomery, 


.92* 


.92* 


.91* 


.90* 


.90* 


Prince George's, 


.90 


.95 


1.00 


.80 


.80 


Queen Anne's, 


.87 


.91 


.92 


.93 


.89 


Somerset, 


.98* 


.92 


1.20 


.95 


.90 


St. Mary's, 


1.00 


.97 


.93 


.90 


1.00 


Talbot, 


.73 


.73 


.83 


.83 


.78 


Washington, 


.75 


.86 


.78 


.78 


.78 


Wicomico, 


.81* 


.97* 


77 


.75* 


.82* 


Worcester, 


.90 


.80 


.90 


.78 


.75 



The State tax has been uniformly 17f cents on the 
hundred dollars since 1888. Taxes are levied by the 



MARYLAND. 



15 



State only l,r schools and the pablic debt. For schools 
the levy is 10^ cents and for the debt 7£ cents. 

MARYLAND COAL FIELD. 

The coal field of Maryland is situated between Savage 
and Dan's Mountains, in Garrett and Allegany counties. 
The basin is about twenty-five miles long and about 
five miles broad, though not more than half of this is 
covered by actual mining operations. A transverse 
ridge connects the Savage and Dan's Mountains and 
determines the two opposite directions of drainage. 
Three-fourths of the basin is drained by the George's 
Creek and its tributaries, thus giving to the coal of this 
region the title "George's Creek Coal." The mountain 
ranges are filled with veins of varying thickness, though 
little attention is paid to any except the one known as 
the " Fourteen Foot Seam." This bed of coal is remark- 
able for its form and thickness. 

There are other veins which are worked and from 
which the yield is large. It is claimed that a bushel 
of Maryland coal will generate more steam than the 
same amount from any other region in the country. 
The condition of labor in the region is good, work is 
steady, and the number of men employed in all the 
mines is 3,980. Many of the miners own their homes. 



CHAPTER II. 



THE STATE CAPITAL. 



The city of Annapolis, the capital of Maryland, is 
beautifully situated on the Severn river within sight of 
the Chesapeake bay. It is about twenty-live miles from 
Baltimore. Annapolis is one of the oldest towns in 
America. In colonial times it was a seat of learning and 
had a refined and elegant society. There are feAV towns 
which possess so many fine specimens of colonial 
architecture. The principal building of Annapolis is 
the old State House, built in revolutionary times, a 
splendid specimen of architecture. The Senate Cham- 
ber is the apartment in which the Continental Congress 
was assembled in 1788, when Washington appeared 
before them and resigned his commission. The State 
House also contains the historic chamber of the Court 
of Appeals and the State library. The original colonial 
government house, built when the seat of government 
was removed from St. Mary's, is still preserved. It 
stands within the State House grounds and is occupied 
by the Treasurer of the State. The land office in a 
modern building contains many interesting relics and 
documents. The Executive Mansion is a fine modern 
building. St. John's College is one of the oldest educa- 
tional institutions in the United States. 

Annapolis is also the seat of the United States Naval 
Academy. The grounds of the Academy occupy a 
position of great natural beauty. They are handsomely 
improved and well kept. The site was ceded to the 
government by the State, and in it the mansion occupied 
in early times by the governors stands and is used as a 
library. Old Fort Severn, built in the war of 1812, 
is also in the Academy grounds and is used as the 







SEAL OF MARYLAND. 




SEAL OF BALTIMORE CITY. 



MARYLAND. 17 

gymnasium. The Academy was founded by George 
Bancroft when Secretary of the Navy in 1845. It is a 
noble institution and equips the officers of the United 
States Navy with an excellent education. 

STATE FLAK AND SEAL. 

The heraldic device of Maryland, as displayed on her 
flag and seal, dates from very early colonial times. In 
August 1648, Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, the founder of 
the Province, sent out a new great seal to replace an 
earlier one which had been lost in the Ingle disturb- 
ances. The new seal bore on one side the Calvert arms, 
quartered with those of Crossland, Alicia Crossland 
having been the wife of Leonard Calvert, Cecilir.:' 
grandfather. On this seal, which is the same as the 
present great seal of the State, the first and fourth 
quarterings are: for Calvert, six pales or vertical bars, 
alternately gold and black, crossed by a diagonal stripe 
or "bend" in which the colors are reversed. The 
second and third quarterings are : for Crossland a 
quartered field of red and white, charged with a Greek 
(or equal-limbed) cross of the form called "botonny" or 
"budded;" the limbs terminating in a trefoil. This 
cross is " counterchanged," as it is termed, that is. it is 
red on the white part of the field and white on the red. 
The shield is surmounted by a palatine's cap, resembling 
an earl's coronet, and indicating the palatinate domin- 
ion of the Calverts in Maryland. While above all is a 
helmet with a ducal crown from which spring two small 
banners, one gold and one black, this being the Calvert 
crest. To this device are added a plowman and fisher- 
man as supporters. 

On a scroll beneath is the Calvert motto : Fatti 
maschii parole femine. This is popularly rendered: 
" Manly deeds, womanly words ;" a very pretty version, 
though not strictly correct. The exact rendering is : 
" Deeds (are) males, words females ;" an Italian proverb 



18 



MARYLAND. 



cited in the dictionary of the Academy Delia Crusca, 
and explained to mean, " Where deeds are needed, 
words will not suffice. " 

Behind the shield and supporters is a mantle, and 
around the whole runs a scroll bearing the legend: 
Scuto bonas voluntatis tuse coronasti nos (Ps. v. 12, 
Vulgate): " With the shield of thy good will thou hast 
encompassed us." 

The reverse of the seal bore the effigy of the proprie- 
tary in full armor and mounted, surrounded with the 
inscription, " Cecilius absolutus dominus Terrse Marise 
et Avaloniae Baro de Baltimore." (" Cecilius, absolute 
Lord of Maryland and Avalon, Baron of Baltimore.") 

Many impressions of this seal remain, as also the 
massive silver seal which was used by Charles, the son 
and successor of Cecilius; but had all been lost, the 
letter which Cecilius sends with it describes it so min- 
utely that we know that our present great seal is a 
faithful copy of the device on the original. 

The flag of the State bears the escutcheon of the great 
seal — the Calvert and Crossland arms quartered. This 
device seems to have been adopted by common consent, 
as there is no record of the formal adoption of any 
design as the official flag of the State. That the colony 
had a distinct flag or standard, Ave know. The first 
recorded instance of the use of a Maryland flag occurs 
in Leonard Calvert's report of the reduction of Kent 
Island (February, 1638), in which he says that he and his 
force marched with Baltimore's banner displayed. At 
the battle of the Severn in 1055, where the supporters of 
the proprietary government under William Stone, the 
governor, were defeated bj r the Parliamentary party, 
under Captain William Fuller, Stone's forces marched 
under the flag of Maryland borne by William Nugent, 
" standard bearer of the Province," while Fuller's party 
displayed the flag of the Commonwealth, charged with 
the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew. Tt is also 



MARYLAND. 



19 



said that a Maryland flag was carried by the Mary- 
landers who accompanied Braddock's expedition against 
Fort Du Quesne in 1756. 

A Maryland flag was presented at the outbreak of the 
late war to the Frederick Volunteers, an organization 
which afterwards became part of the First Maryland 
Regiment, C. S. A.; and it was carried from the first 
battle of Manassas, Jul}' 21, 1861, to the surrender at 
Appomattox, April 9, 1865. 

It is almost superfluous to add that Marylanders take 
great pride in their beautiful and historic flag. It forms 
•a part of the stands of colors of the principal militia 
commands, and is displayed on the State House on occa- 
sions of public festivity. 

MARYLAND LINE. 

They are also proud of the deeds of Maryland soldiers, 
whose bravery forms a brilliant chapter of the history 
of the Revolution. The First Maryland was the finest 
regiment of regulars in the army of General Greene, 
which saved the Carolinas and paved the way for the 
surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown. It had served 
under Washington in his New Jersey campaigns, and 
when transferred to the South, had gloriously routed 
Tarleton's veterans at Cowpens. At Guilford Court 
House, March 15, 1781, it again distinguished itself, 
charging the British guards with the bayonet, and kill- 
ing numbers of them. The whole effective force of the 
Americans in the battle under General Greene amounted 
to about 1,651 regulars, mostly Marylanders, and 2,000 
militia. The troops of Cornwallis numbered about 2,400 
men. The British loss was 600 in killed, wounded and 
missing. General Greene stated that three hundred of 
his Continentals, nine North Carolinians and one hun- 
dred Virginians, were killed and wounded. 

The battle was fought hand to hand. Two combat- 
ant- particularly attracted the attention of those around 



20 



MARYLAND. 



them. They were Colonel Steuart, of Lord Cornwallis' 
guard?, and Captain John Smith, of the Marylanders, 
both men conspicuous for strength and bravery. They 
had previously met on the held and bad vowed that their 
next meeting should end in blood. They rushed at 
each other furiously. The quick pass of Colonel 
Steuart's small sword was quickly put by with the left 
hand of the Marylander, whose heavy sabre cut down 
Colonel Steuart and ended his life. A ball discharged 
at Captain Smith as his sword descended, grazed his 
head and brought him to the ground, as the bayonet of 
one of his men, who was always near his captain in the 
hour of danger, pierced the heart of a Briton who was 
coming up to defend Colonel Steuart. 

MARYLAND MILITIA. 

Enlisted men of the Maryland National Guard are 
required to serve for three years and to be called out in 
any emergency. The force is limited to 38 companies, 
or 2,200 enlisted men, organized into one brigade. 
Camps of instruction are held once in two years, at such 
time and place as the Governor may direct. For every 
day in camp enlisted men are paid $1.33, and officers 
the same as regular army officers. 

The first battalion of Maryland naval militia was 
formed at Annapolis, August 25, 1891, and comprises 
three companies. Each company is divided into four 
gun crews. The nucleus of the battalion is the State 
fishery force of Maryland, known as the Oyster Navy, 
the officers and crew of which are enrolled in the naval 
reserve. 

peggy stewaiit's day. 

Marylanders celebrate October 19 as Peggy Stewart's 
Day. This anniversary commemorates the burning of the 
tea-laden brig Peggy Stewart at Annapolis, October 19, 
1774. This tea burning was one of the most memorable 



MARYLAND. 



21 



events in the history of Maryland. The general con- 
vention which assembled at Annapolis on the 22d of 
July, 1774, to strengthen the resistance to the stamp act 
and to all acts of Parliament taxing the colonies, 
resolved to stop all importations from and exportations 
to Great Britain so long as the acts taxing the colonies 
remain unrepealed. Among the taxes imposed by the 
British Government was one on tea. Massachusetts had 
already determined not to pay the tax, and on the 
arrival at BDSton of a vessel having tea on board, a 
body of men, disguised as Indians, entered the ship, 
seized upon the chests of tea and threw them overboard. 
In Frederick County, Maryland, a resolution was passed 
on July 2, 1774, by a meeting of citizens, that they 
would not drink any tea nor suffer the same to be used 
in their families until the duty was repealed. The 
resolutions passed in general convention at Annapolis 
were in the same spirit of independence. The brig 
Peggy Stewart, of Annapolis, arrived at that port on 
the 15th of October, 1774, having among her cargo 
seventeen chests of tea. The consignees were mer- 
chants in Annapolis. The owner of the brig was Mr. 
Alexander Stewart. This violation of the resolution of 
the convention was regarded as an insult to the people 
of the province. Meetings were held by the citizens, at 
which Mr. Stewart and the brothers Williams, who were 
the importers, were denounced, and a committee was 
appointed to go on board and guard the tea until the 
county delegates were notified. Fearing the con- 
sequences of their act, Messrs. Stewart and Williams 
publicly acknowledged the impropriety of their con- 
duct, offered to take the tea from the brig and burn it in 
the presence of the committee, but the popular indigna- 
tion was so great that the citizens would not accept this 
atonement. Finally Mr. Stewart, to preserve the peace 
and assure protection to his own person, proposed to 
burn the vessel and her cargo, and in the presence of a 



22 



MARYLAND. 



committee, he directed the brig to be run aground on 
Windmill Point, where he set fire to her with hi 1 - 
hands. In all this patriotic business there was no dis- 
guise. Every one connected with it was known. The 
burning of the vessel was begun and consummated in 
open day, and it was in this manner Maryland vindica- 
ted her right to stand shoulder to shoulder with her 
sister colonies in resisting taxation without representa- 
tion. It was a bold defiance of the British Government, 
and the deliberate determination to hold no commercial 
intercourse with the mother country was thus empha- 
sized in a manner worthy of a free people. The 10th 
of October is now called "Peggy Stewart's Day," in 
Maryland, and deserves its distinction. It was the pre- 
lude, less than two years later, to the Declaration of 
Independence that was consummated by the surrender 
of Cornwallis at Yorktown in October, 1781. 




FORT MCHENRY, BALTIMORE, MD. 



CHAPTER III. 



THE DEFENSE OF BALTT.MOHE. 



The Defense of Baltimore, September 12, 1814, was a 
successful resistance of a combined attack of the 
British forces, by land and water. The land forces 
under General Ross were repulsed at North Point 
below the city, and the commander-in-chief lost his 
life. The naval squadron, unable to make any im- 
pression on Fort McHenry or the other defenses of the 
city, drew off and gave up the attempt. 

Though the battle of North Point was what would 
now be called hardly more than a strongly supported 
skirmish, and the bombardment a spiteful incident of 
the attack, yet the defense of Baltimore is entitled to 
the place it occupies in the history of our country as a 
notable instance of the ability of men who rule them- 
selves to defend themselves whenever the occasion may 
arise. We venerate and celebrate the deeds of our 
fathers in this memorable defense, because more than 
any other post-revolutionary event it serves to inspire 
confidence in the effectiveness of our system for 
emergencies as well as for the ordinal'}' duties of peace- 
ful periods. Two wars with the mother country, 
attended by successful resistance in both to the arms 
of a world-conquering race, were necessary to teach 
Great Britain to respect the power of the new republic, 
and we are not likely ever again to have trouble from 
that source, or indeed from any other foreign country 
so long as our institutions are preserved in the shape 
they were handed down by their founders, and we hold 
together as a people true to the principles we profess. 

AVe profess to be the republic of peace, entertaining 
good-will toward all men. welcoming to our shores the 



24 



MARYLAND. 



oppressed of all lands who may come to share the obli- 
gations as well as the benefits of our citizenship. We 
maintain a regular army or navy not for conquest or 
glory, but as a centre around which the righting ma- 
terial of the country may rally to resist invasion, to 
preserve domestic order or redress wrongs done to 
American citizenship or American interests. The reg- 
ular army and navy are of and for the people as much as 
the government, and as we expect to preserve domestic 
tranquility and good government through peaceful 
agencies, we need no other bulwark of defense than a 
properly organized and safely equipped militia, per- 
manently and peacefully reposing in the masses, of our 
citizenship ready for the country's call. 

If an}- specific example of the safety of such reliance 
were needed, it would be supplied by the defense of 
Baltimore. The greatest thing about that defense was 
the public spirit of the people who responded to the 
emergency with patriotic zeal. They gave millions for 
defense, but not a single cent for tribute. The war itself 
was mainly resistance to the right of search on the seas 
claimed by Great Britain, under which her ships of war 
seized American citizens as subjects of the crown to 
recruit her naval forces. Our maritime interests and 
the growing commerce of the port identified us with 
opposition to this high-handed method of impressment 
and disposed us to fight it. Maryland subscribed for 
three millions of the government loan of fifteen millions 
to prosecute the war. The citizens of Baltimore raised 
half a million dollars by subscription to defend the 
city, and the local government created a defense loan. 
Before this there was neither municipal nor State debt 
of any account. So great and generous was the response 
to the call of the hour, both in money and men, that 
Baltimore is entitled to the first rank among the cities 
of the country for patriotism, and the claim then estab- 
lished has been well maintained ever since. 



MARYLAND. 



25 



For a community of less than 40,000 inhabitants to 
make the stand Baltimore took at this juncture called 
for the exercise of courageous public spirit, which 
stiffened up the cause of the country and revived the 
energies of the national government and of the State 
of Maryland. 

It must be remembered that when the invaders ap- 
peared before Baltimore their forces had burned the 
Capitol and scattered the government ; they had raided 
the Potomac and swept the Chesapeake and its tribu- 
taries, carrying destruction wherever their ships and 
their boating expeditions could penetrate. The fleet 
was a living terror, rapid and brilliant in movement, 
intended to raid and punish rather than to conquer and 
to hold. "Booty and beauty" was the war-cry, and to 
Baltimore they came for both, but the}' were badly dis- 
appointed. Though the time allowed for making pre- 
parations to resist the enemy was brief, every moment 
was used so well that when they landed and felt the 
strength of our positions and realized that to capture 
the city was a greater work than they were willing to 
undertake, they retired practically under cover of the 
guns of their ships and a futile bombardment. The flag 
of Fort McHenry which inspired the song of the " Star- 
Spangled Banner," still floats as it did over the smoke of 
battle and above the scenes of a gallant defense. 

The boom of this defense echoed throughout the 
world and gave Baltimore such an impetus that in the 
decade between 1810 and 1820 its population nearly 
doubled, and the city has gone on ever since to increase 
and multiply and prosper — growing from a population 
of 35,500 to 500,000, pursuing varied industries, living 
in comfortable homes and enjoying all the many 
modern adjuncts of civilized life which science and 
inventive industry have supplied. 

The seal of the City of Baltimore is a representation 
of the Baltimore Monument, perpetuating the memory 



26 



MARYLAND. 



of this defense. The monument was erected in V> 
ington Square, now Monument Square, as a tribute to the 
defenders of Baltimore who were killed in the Battle of 
North Point and in the bombardment of Fort McHenry. 
The original name Battle Monument was changed to 
Baltimore Monument by ordinance approved February 
26, 1 822, several years before the monument was fini- 
A representation of the monument was adopted as the 
seal of the city by ordinance approved Februai 
1827. The official seal is two inches high by one and 
three-quarter inches wide, and is elliptical. The seal 
of the city from its incorporation in 1797 to 1827 repre- 
sented justice triumphing over the tempter. The old 
seal was adopted from that of the town commissioners 
to most of whose functions the corporation succeeded. 
The conspicuous monument in Baltimore, however, 
is that which the patriotism of Maryland has erected to 
the memory of Washington. This monument is a noble 
Doric column of white marble, in Mount Vernon Place, 
in the heart of the city, on an eminence 98.5 feet al 
tide-water, rising 1(34 feet from the ground and sur- 
mounted by a colossal statue of the "Father of His 
Country." President Daniel C. Gilman, of Johns Hop- 
kins University, in a recent article on the business and 
social attractiveness of Baltimore, says of the Wash 
ton Monument : >l Such a column in such a position, and 
surrounded by such dwelling-houses, churches, librj 
and works of art, would be an ornament to Berlin or to 
Paris." If one goes to the top of this monument he 
can survey a wide area that is occupied by the dwell- 
ings and other edifices of more than half a million 
inhabitants. The immediate surroundings of the monu- 
ment, radiating to the four points of the compass, are 
public reservations, ornamented and rilled with statuary 
and other works of art in bronze, including line speci- 
mens by Barye, a statue by Rinehart of Roger E. Taney, 
of Maryland, Chief Justice of the United State-, and a 
statue of George Peabody. 




FRANCIS SCOTT KEY. 
(Author of the Star-Spangled Banner.) 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE STAR-SPANGLED BANXEK. 



No reference to Maryland patriotism would be com- 
plete without at least a brief statement of the circum- 
stances under which Francis Scott Key wrote the 
national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner." Shortly 
before the British attack on Baltimore, in September, 
1814, Mr. Key left the city under a flag of truce for the 
purpose of securing the release of Dr. Beanes, of Prince 
George's County, Md., who had been captured at 
Marlboro. He proceeded, as far as the mouth of the 
Patuxent, but was not permitted to return by the 
British admiral lest he should so give warning of the 
intended attack on Baltimore. He was, therefore, 
brought up the Chesapeake Bay, to the mouth of the 
Patapsco, where the cartel ship was kept under the 
guns of a frigate, and he was compelled to witness the 
bombardment of Fort McHenry, which the admiral had 
boasted that he would carry in a few hours. During 
all the day and night of September 13, 1814, the shells 
rained upon Fort McHenry, the British vessels keeping 
a distance of about two miles. Major Armistead, the 
commander of the fort, felt that there was little use in 
replying to them at that long range, and so he passively 
endured the twenty-four hours of heavy bombardment. 
His guns were silent, except when one or more of the 
enemy's ships moved up closer to his parapets, and then 
his artillerymen replied with so vigorous a tire that 
they promptly withdrew from danger. After sundown 
of the 13th his firing almost entirely ceased, which 
increased the apprehensions in Key's mind that he was 
perhaps abandoning his position. Key walked the deck 
of the British vessel all that night, eagerly searching, by 



28 



MAKYLAXD. 



the glare of the bursting shells, for a glimpse of the 
flagstaff and its standard. As the firing became more 
desultory toward dawn, his anxious tension of mind 
became unbearable, and the poem framed itself in his 
thoughts when the earliest light of breaking day showed 
him that the flag was still there and that the signal for 
withdrawal had been hoisted on the admiral's ship. 

Mr. Key was released from custody and hurried to 
his home in Baltimore. The tradition is that he wrote 
the poem early on the morning of the 14th on the back 
of a letter that happened to be in his pocket. It was 
written with a lead pencil, and his desk was the top of 
a barrel on the deck of the vessel on which he was 
confined. 

In the interval of a week between the composition 
and the publication the song probably received some 
revision at Mr. Key's hands. When printed it read as 
follows : 

[Tune — Anacreon in Heaven.] 

O! say can you see, by the dawn's early light, 
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming-, 

Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, 
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? 

And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 

Gave proof through the night that our nag was still there; 
O! say does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave. 

< >'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave ? 

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, 
Where the toe's haughty host, in dread silence reposes; 

What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, 
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses ? 

Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam. 

In full glory reflected, now shines in the stream. 

'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, O! long may it wave, 

< t'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave! 

And where is that band, who so vauntingly swore, 
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, 

A home and a country should leave us no more ''. 
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. 



MARYLAND. 29 

No refuge could save the hireling and slave, 

From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave. 

And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph doth wave, 
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. 

O! Thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 

Between their lov'd homes and the war's desolation; 
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land 

Praise the Power that hath made and preserv'd us a nation! 
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just. 
And this be our motto: ' 4 In God is Our Trust. ' * 

And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph doth wave, 
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. 

The song was first sung in public at the Holliday 
Street Theatre in Baltimore, on October 19, 1814. by 
Mr. Hardinge, a young actor attached to the company 
of Wm. Warren, the manager of the theatre. 

" The Star-Spangled Banner " which floated from the 
bastion facing the Patapsco river during the bombard- 
ment of Fort McHenry was forty feet long and twenty- 
six feet wide. It had fifteen horizontal stripes, and 
fifteen five-pointed stars, two feet from point to point, 
arranged in five indented parallel lines, three stars in 
each horizontal line. 

The flag Avas made in Clagett's Brewery, at the junc- 
tion of Jones' Falls and Lombard street, under the 
direction of Mrs. Mary Peckersgill, one of the founders 
of the Aged Women's Home of Baltimore, and Mrs. 
Margaret Sanderson, wife of Col. Henry S. Sanderson, 
at one time sheriff and collector of Baltimore. Mrs. 
Sanderson always prided herself much on the part she 
took in constructing the flag, and many years after the 
war with Great Britain her children Avere accustomed 
to call their mother " The Star Spangled Banner " for 
having had a hand in its construction. They made her 
a flag which on all patriotic occasions floated over 
their residence, on South High street. 

From Clagett's brewery the flag was taken by a 
detachment of soldiers to Fort McHenry, and was in 



oO MARYLAND. 

position when Key saw its " broad stripes and bright 
stars" during the perilous night of the bombardment. 
After the conflict was over Col. George Armistead placed 
hi^ autograph and the date of the bombardment upon 
one of the stripes and retained the flag in his possession. 
His widow inherited it at his death, and upon her 
decease it went to her daughter Georgians, the late Mrs. 
Wm, Steuart Appleton, who was born at Fort McHenry, 
and at whose birth the flag was raised. She died in 
New York July 25, 1878, and bequeathed it to her son, 
Mr. Eben Appleton. The flag has been used upon 
several great occasions, notably to adorn Washington's 
war tent at Fort McHenry, September 14, 1824, for the 
reception of Gen. Lafayette. In 1874 the late Commo- 
dore Preble exhibited it at the rooms of the Massachusetts 
Historical Society. It was displayed to the public at the 
sesqui-eentennial celebration in Baltimore in October, 
1880. Mrs. Sanderson, feeble as she was, returned to her 
native city to witness the great pageant and to see for 
the last time "The Star-Spangled Banner" which she 
had helped to create. She sat in a window, and as the 
flag passed she shed tears when she recalled the time 
when she placed the cluster of stars in their field of 
blue. She died in New York in 1883, aged 85. 

Francis Scott Key, the author of the song, was a 
native of Frederick county, Md., a graduate of St. 
John's College, Annapolis, and a lawyer of high stand- 
ing at the Maryland bar. He was U. S. district attorney 
for Maryland by appointment of President Jackson, 
and died in Baltimore January 11, 1848. He was buried 
near Pipe Creek, Md., but his remains were subse- 
quently removed to Frederick city, Md. James Lick, 
the California millionaire, devised $G0,000 for the erec- 
tion of a statue of Kevin Golden Gate Park, San Fran- 
and it was unveiled on July 4. 1888. Law was 
Mr. Key's pursuit in life, and literature only a relaxa- 
tion, except in the case of the composition of the 



7^ ife^. Jf^a^oCa &Tu*^eir 

fll-i.cz/ Jo ^^W^ ca^/L^Q JU7Zcl&^W ^&U4~.*f\ 



(^w **••£» 













First and Last Stanzas of "The Star-Spangled Banner" in the handwriting of the Author. 



MARYLAND. 



;i 



national autliem. Neither on the stage nor in the news- 
papers of the time was any allusion made to his author- 
ship of the Star-Spangled, Banner. It is not impossible 
that this omission was intentional and that his name 
was suppressed by his own direction. Although he 
wrote many poems, only a few were published with his 
consent, and it was not until 1853 that they were col- 
lected into a small volume, edited by Rev. H. V. D. 
Johus. One of them is the hymn beginning — 

" Lord, with gloAving heart I'd praise Thee 
For the bliss Thy love bestows." 



CHAPTER V. 



BALTIMORE CITY. 



Baltimore is called the Monumental City, because it 
possessed the first monument to General Washington, the 
corner-stone of which was laid July 4, 1815, followed on 
September 12 of the same year by the laying of the 
corner-stone of the Baltimore Monument, commemora- 
tive of those who fell in the defense of the city from 
the combined attack of land and naval forces, during 
the war with Great Britain, in 1814. The movement 
for the Washington Monument was begun in 1800, while 
Baltimore was yet in its infancy, and it was not com- 
pleted until 1829. It was originally intended to erect 
the Washington Monument on the site of the Balti- 
more Monument, in Calvert street, but the location 
was changed to that which has since become Mount 
Vernon Place, but was then known as Howard's Park, 
then covered with forest trees. Baltimore was founded 
in 1730, incorporated in 1797, and is the youngest city on 
the Atlantic coast. " Its history has been an almost 
unbroken chronicle of peace and prosperity." Dr.Holmes 
has said that three short American poems, each the best 
of its kind, were written at Baltimore, namely. Poe's 
Raven, Randall's Maryland, My Maryland, and Key's 
Star Spangled Banner. The Raven only was the 
product of peace, hoAvever. The Star Spangled Banner 
was written b}/ the author while he was a prisoner on 
board of one of the British ships, bombarding Fort 
McHenry, and when the city was in arms to resist and 
drive off the invader. The poem of Randall was written 
at the beginning of the Civil War, which all the time 
threatened Maryland, and disturbed the even tenor of 
life in Baltimore. Yet with these comparatively slight 



MARYLAND. 33 

interruptions "peace and prosperity" have afforded 
every opportunity an energetic people could desire, for 
the prosecution of those industries which bring comfort 
and wealth, and refinement, and make happy homes for 
large populations. 

THE CITY OP HOMES. 

It is the pride of Baltimore that it stands unequalled 
as a city of homes. There are few or no tenement 
houses such as are known in many large cities of the 
country. The great majority of families in Baltimore 
occupy single houses, and there are fewer families to 
each dwelling-house than in any other city of the 
country. 

The city area is 31.54 square miles, or 20,186 acres. 
The population to each square mile is about 14,000. 
The total population by the census of 1890 was 434,439. 
The local census carefully made by the police force 
footed up 455,427. The number of inhabitants in 1893 
is estimated to be in excess of- half a million. 

There are nearly 800 miles of streets, of which over 
100 miles are lined with shade trees. The average 
width of the streets is 66 ft. In New York the average 
width is 60 ft., Chicago 66, Philadelphia 50, Brooklyn 
70, St. Louis 60, Boston 40. 

The police force numbers 782 men; the firemen, 270; 
steam fire engines, 14; hose carts, 28; hook and ladder 
trucks, 6 ; miles of fire alarm wire, 500. 

The number of acres in the public parks of Baltimore 
is as follows : 

Druid Hill 700 



Patterson 56 

Patterson Pk. Ext'n . 50 



Federal Hill 8± 

Riverside 17^ 

Carroll 19.72 



In addition to these parks, the city is studded with 
public squares, while several of the wider streets, like 
Broadway, Mount Vernon Place and Eutaw Place, are 
beautiful with flowers, shrubbery, monuments, statuary, 
fountains, etc. » 



34 



MARYLAND. 



WATER SUPPLY. 

The sources of the water suppry of Baltimore are the 
Gunpowder river, which has a capacity of 425,000,000 
gallons daily, and Jones' Falls, which has a capacity of 
55,000,000 gallons daily. The water of the Gunpowder 
is brought seven miles through an underground aque- 
duct, circular, 12 feet internal diameter, by natural flow, 
with a fall of one foot to the mile. The storage capacity 
of the system is as follows : 



Reservoirs. Gals. 

Conduit 31,000,000 

Montebello. . . . 500,000,000 

Clifton 265,000,000 

Guilford 41,000,000 



Total 2,346,000,000 



Reservoirs. Gals. 

Lake Roland . . 400,000,000 

Conduit 6,000,000 

Hampden 44,000,000 

Druid Lake... 493,000,000 

Mt. Royal 30,000,000 

High Service . . 26,000,000 
Loch Raven... 510,000,000 i 

The Gunpowder source of suppry is 170 feet above 
tide, and the Jones' Falls source 225 feet. Some reser- 
voirs where pumps are used are much more elevated in 
order to render high service. About 500 miles of mains 
distribute the water through the city. In the capacity 
of its reservoirs of water Baltimore excels all American 
cities except New York. 

The average charge for water per dwelling in differ- 
ent cities is as follows : 



Washington, D. C. $4 50 

New York 6 00 

Baltimore 7 00 

Brooklyn 8 00 

Philadelphia 9 00 

Hartford, Conn 9 00 

Minneapolis 9 00 

Detroit 10 00 

Milwaukee 11 00 

Lynn, Mass 11 00 

Cleveland, O 11 25 

Buffalo, N. Y 12 00 



Boston 12 00 

Indianapolis 12 00 

Cincinnati 12 50 

Lowell, Mass 13 22 

Newark, N. J 13 75 

Chicago 14 00 

St. Louis 14 00 

Worcester, Mass. ... 15 00 
Fall River, Mass... . 15 00 

San Francisco 20 00 

New Orleans 25 00 




city hall, Baltimore; md. 



MARYLAND. 



35 



ERA OF RAPID TRANSIT. 

The past three years may be called, in the History 
of Baltimore, the Era of Rapid Transit. In this period 
about ten millions of dollars were invested in convert- 
ing existing street and suburban horse car lines into 
cable traction and trolley electric railway lines. It is 
estimated that these rapid transit lines are altogether 
100 miles long. Among the routes connecting the centre 
of the city with the suburbs is one having a consider- 
able stretch in the city over an elevated structure, 
which is believed to be the first use ever made of 
elevated tracks for an electric railway, and has demon- 
strated the superiority of the trolley system over steam 
on such structures. 

In connection with this rapid transit development 
should be mentioned the extensive terminal and tunnel 
facilities of the important steam railroad lines centering 
in Baltimore. Among the latest of these is the long 
Belt tunnel of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad under the 
city. In this tunnel whole trains — even freight trains 
with their locomotives attached — are to be hauled six or 
seven miles by powerful electric motors. This is the 
first experiment of the kind in the country and is 
designed to keep the tunnel free from smoke. The 
tunnel is also lighted by electricity and the air kept 
fresh by electric fans. 

So great an impetus has been given to the progress 
of the city by these enterprises that suburban develop- 
ment has been stimulated all around. This impetus is 
far greater than that which attended the introduction 
of horse car lines in 1858-9. Baltimore had hardly 
begun to feel the new impulse of street cars, when the 
outbreak of the Civil War, in 1861, temporarily checked 
enterprises of all kinds. It was not until the war was 
over that the fruit of the enterprise Avas realized. Then 
a remarkable expansion of the city took place and it 
grew so rapidly that faster means of transportation 



36 



MARYLAND. 



than horse cars were needed long before the prudent 
conservatism of the city permited the change. 

PEACE AND PROSPERITY. 

It is hardly necessary to review the history of Balti- 
more, which comprises its "almost unbroken chronicle of 
peace and prosperity," except to show that its achieve- 
ments, under these favoring conditions, have been 
worthy of the opportunity. Before the Revolution the 
enterprise of the city had extended its trade, by means 
of pack mu.es, to the far West — then hardly further off 
than Pittsburg. After the Revolution turnpikes were 
built and canals projected. These in turn gave place 
to steam railroads, while all the time the sails of the 
clipper merchantmen increased the volume of com- 
merce and added to the importance of the port. Prior 
to 1820 the city was rich from foreign and domestic 
trade, combined and nearly monopolized in Baltimore. 
This was truly an era of " peace and prosperity," which 
was not shaken in 1837 nor again in 1857, when the 
financial crash of those periods overtook the country. 
Baltimore fairly sustained its credit during those fatal 
years as it has done ever since, during the disturbances 
which followed the close of the Civil War and during 
the panics of 1867 and 1873. To-day the city is as 
sound and stronger, financially, than ever, with busi- 
ness growing at a healthy rate and industries multiply- 
ing far more rapidly than ever before. 

MANUFACTURES. 

The total value of the manufactured products of 
Baltimore in 1890, according to the U. S. Census, was 
$140,401,026, and the number of hands employed, 83,091. 
The city is the chief seat of the canning industry of the 
United States, the materials being the famous oysters of 
the Chesapeake and tributaries, and fruits and vege- 
tables. The annual product is 60,000,000 cans and about 
20,000 hands are employed in the industry. 



MARYLAND. 



37 



STEEL WORKS. 

At Sparrow's Point, on the Patapsco, the great works 
of the Maryland Steel Company have, in recent years, 
been established by the parent concern at Steelton, Pa. 
The advantages of this location were admirably illus- 
trated very recently when the great Krupp gun, designed 
for exhibition at the World's Fair, in Chicago, arrived 
from Germany. Nowhere else than at Baltimore were 
facilities to be found for the landing of this great engine 
of war, and other weighty exhibits sent over by the 
same manufacturers. At Sparrow's Point the work was 
successfully done. Here the Steel Company have a 
crane adjoining their marine works, which, in its way, 
is as powerful a piece of machinery as the great Krupp 
gun itself. 

Sparrow's Point is a town of three thousand five hun- 
dred inhabitants, who live in houses that have been built 
by the Steel Company, which employs 2,000 or more 
operatives, many of whom live in Baltimore City, going 
by rail to and from their work. The establishment 
includes, beside an extensive steel-shipbuilding plant, 
blast furnaces, Bessemer and rail mills, and other equip- 
ment on the largest scale. The concern produced steel 
for the first time, on August 1, 1891, and the daily capac- 
ity of the plant is 2,000 tons, or a total annual capacity 
of between 600,000 and 700,000 tons, which, it is claimed, 
is equal to a full third of the total annual production 
of the Bessemer Works of the United Kingdom of Great 
Britain and Ireland. 

CAR WORKS. 

Another new industrial centre, the result of Baltimore 
City enterprise mainly, is the manufacturing establish- 
ment at Curtis Bay, which is known as South Baltimore. 
Here car works, a bolt and nut factory, machine shops, 
furnace, barrel factory, and a magnificent sugar refinery 
have been established. Steam and electric railways are 
the means of communication with Baltimore. 



38 



MARY T AND. 



OTHER INDUSTRIES. 

Extensive copper smelting works at Canton, .Balti- 
more, and numerous shipbuilding yards, machine shops, 
furnaces, iron and steel works, together with a multi- 
tude of lesser manufactures, potteries, glass works and 
cotton mills, are of older date and widely known. 

The cotton duck mills in and near Baltimore run 
150,000 spindles, employ about 6,000 hands and produce 
three-fourths of the sail duck made in the United States. 
This industry, too, is of Maryland origin. 

In brick making Baltimore ranks among the rirst 
American cities. Of brick laying, it has some of the 
finest specimens in the Shot Tower, the Safe Deposit 
Company building, Equitable building, the B. & O. Cen- 
tral building, the Johns Hopkins Hospital and other 
structures, to be seen on the American Continent. 

IMPORTANT MANUFACTURES, 1890. 

H #£ dS C ^ tal Wages Value of 
Industries. Em- Em- p f, p ro di7.-r 

ployed. ployed. ^ aic1, ^»oautT. 



Brass Works, 


1,187 


$ 1,689,128 


$ 663,056 


$ 1,91 


Clothing, 


13,094 


11,897,563 


1,178.971 


15,032,924 


Fertilizers, 


638 


4,163,347 


399.711 


3,957,315 


Foundries. &c, 


3,436 


5,011,767 


1,837,150 


4,718,189 


Oyster Packers, &c. 


8,990 


3,226,416 


1,886,851 


8,516,799 


Distilleries. 


116 


1,121,225 


94,824 


2,085,560 


Breweries, 


690 


1,921,988 


532,739 


3,825,174 


Drugs. 


(598 


935.725 


246,028 


1.917,950 


Meat Packing. 


121 


1,153,856 


225.112 


4.311.112 


Tobacco. 


3,212 


4,208,451 


1,210,093 


5,906,333 



The number of establishments in each industry in- 
cluded in the above, are as follows: Brass works 7; 
Clothing establishments, 125 ; Fertilizer works, 25 ; 
Foundries and machine shops, 65; Oyster and other 
packers, 40; Distilleries of liquor, 5 ; Breweries of malt 
liquors, 27; Drugs and medicines, 20; Meat packers, 14; 
Tobacco factories, 350. 

Baltimore is famous for its silverware ; its pottery 
has a wide reputation, and it excels in printing.. 



MARYLAND. 



39 



lithographing, clothing, shirts, overalls, straw goods, 
furniture making, pianos, and many minor manufac- 
tures. The type-setting machine is a Baltimore inven- 
tion. 

COMMERCIAL STATISTICS. 

Excepting New York City, Baltimore is the largest 
grain market on the Atlantic coast. The port is pro- 
vided with magnificent grain elevators. The following- 
statistics are given of the grain trade, and value of 
foreign exports and imports : 

GRAIN AND FLOUR. 



Receipts. 


1892. 


1891. 


Wheat, bushels, 

Corn, bushels, 

Oats, bushels, 

Rye, bushels, 

Barley and Malt, bushels, 

Flour, barrels, 


17,571,332 
20,631,527 

2,185,676 
922,685 
375,766 

3,555,447 


18,693,394 
6. 928, 006 
1.687,112 
1,206,813 
299,538 
3.099,339 



Exports- 



1892. 



1891. 



Wheat, bushels, 

Corn, bushels, 

Oats, bushels, 

Rye, bushels, 

Barley and Malt, bushels, 

Flour, barrels, 



16,493,079 

18,894,116 

172,271 

740,670 

26,785 

3,652,153 



16,061,283 
3,765,887 



2,736.153 



IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 



Year. | Imports. Exports. || Year. Imports. Exports. 



1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 



1885 11,193,695 

1886 11,785,113 



$16,278,946 $55,779,461; 1887 $13,055,880 $49,545,970 

14,658,006 43,500,798; 1888 ! 12,098,629 45,099,334 

12,308,392 50, 085, 814! 1 1889 \ 15,409,234 62,077,610 

12,090,261 43, 488, 457 ji 1890 : 15,339,312 12.120,083 

34, 748, 264 ! 1891 18,270,000^ 79,475,175 

46,810,870; 1892... . I 14,258,571, 93,126,389 



CUSTOM-HOUSE RECEIPTS. 

1892 $4,003,993 1889 $3,049,113 

1891 3,267,034 1888 2,837,709- 

1890 3,105,800 I 1887 3,155,107 



40 



MARYLAND. 



BANK CLEARANCES. 

1892 $769,355,890 1889 $650,583,571 

1891 735,714,652 1888 020,587,729 

1890 753,095,093 1887 059,490,899 

WHOLESALE TRADE. 

Clothing— The output for 1892 estimated $13,500,000 ; 
invested capital $0,000,000; range of sales for individual 
houses, from $25 000 to $1,500,000. 

Shoes and Leather business for 1892 — Aggregate sales 
of jobbers, $8,175,000; aggregate sales of manufacturers, 
$5,260,000; hides, leather, shoe findings, etc., (manu- 
factured and sold), $8,925,000; retail shoe trade, 
$4,075,000 ; total, $27,035,000. 

Dry Goods and Notions — The dry goods business 
for 1892 aggregated about $20,000,000; notions about 
$10,000,000. 

IMMIGRATION THROUGH BALTIMORE. 







1892. 






1891. 




Months. 




• 


• 




GO 














33 






s 


_ 


o9 


- 


q 


a 








+3 






T- 




33 




c 


■z 


CO 


o 




g 


fr 


fn 


s 


fc 


EH 


January, 


774 


mb 


1,469 i 


444 


359 


803 


February. 


851 


611 


1,462 


465 


385 


850 


March, 


3,998 


2,067 


6,065 


1,905 


1,242 


3,147 


April. 


5,705 


4,416 


10,121 


' 6,425 


5,243 


11,668 


May. 


5,515 


3,849 


9,364 


3,521 


2,728 


6,249 


June. 


3,491 


2,910 


6,401 


2,564 


2,U46 


4,610 


July, 


1,929 


1,708 


3,637 


1,621 


1,522 


3,143 


August, 


1,786 


1,689 


3.475 


1,523 


1,433 


2,956 


September, 


761 


731 


1,492 


1.643 


1,519 


3,162 


October, 


1,140 


1,020 


2,160 


2.167 


2,393 


4,560 


November, 


1,390 


1.411 


2. S01 


1.939 


1,840 


3,779 


December, 


79 


73 


152 


1,621 


1,726 


3,347 


Totals. 


27,419 


21,180 


48,599 


25,838 


22,436 


48,274 



During the year ending June 30, 1893, the foreign 
immigration through Baltimore numbered 20,156 per- 
sons, of whom 2,400, or nearly ten per cent., settled in 
Mar viand. 



MARYLAND. 



41 



DEBT OF BALTIMORE CITY, JANUARY 1, 1893. 

Total funded debt, par value $33,672,075 43 

Total guaranteed debt, par value 992,000 00 

Total debt $34,664,075 43 

Value sinking funds, par value 7,800,000 00 

$26,864,075 43 

Productive and Interest-bearing assets 

I stocks at par value) 10,763,220 91 

Balance of debt over available interest- 
bearing assets $10,100,854 52 

The funded and guaranteed debt was increased 
$1,888,025.48 during 1892 by the issue of $1,880,700 
Internal Improvement 3| per cent. 1928 Loan and 
$28,000 Jones' Falls 3.65 percent. 1900 Loan, less the 
redemption of $20,674.52 of overdue stock. The sink- 
ing funds were increased during the year $300,000. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

It would exceed the limits of this book to enter into 
a description or even an enumeration of the hundreds 
of public institutions which peace and prosperity have 
bestowed upon Baltimore. It should be mentioned, 
however, that it has a large free library with several 
branches. The Peabody Institute has one of the finest 
libraries in the world, accessible to all who wish to con- 
sult its catalogue. The public school system is such 
that the highest education may be obtained free. From 
the City College, graduates may step to the Johns 
Hopkins University, with opportunities for winning 
scholarships. 

From the Enoch Pratt Free Library as a central point 
strike a circle within a radius of half a mile. Within 
that circle will be found libraries that include in all 
about 400,000 volumes, and a group of colleges and pro- 
fessional schools with not less than 3,500 scholars, exclu- 
sive of students in private and "grammar" grade public 
schools. 



CHAPTER VI. 



THE SUN. 



Perhaps no influence has been more steadily directed 
to the business and industrial development of Maryland 
than the Baltimore Sun, founded in 1837 by the late 
Arunah S. Abell, and now published by Edwin F. Abell 
and George W. Abell, his sons. Mr. Abell, who was 
also one of the founders of the Philadelphia Public 
Ledger, was thoroughly imbued with the spirit of pro- 
gress. He was one of those representative mechanics — 
far seeing — with definite objects in view — from the 
pursuit of which there was no swerving during a long 
lifetime of successful achievement. His main purpose 
was the cheapening of newspapers as a means of widely 
diffusing intelligence and enlightening the working 
body of the people on whom the substantial prosperity 
of the country depends. Secondly, with the cheap 
newspaper as the agency, he foresaw the possibilities 
of unlimited development for the country. During 
the fifty-six years which have elapsed since The Six 
was established, the population of Baltimore has grown 
from less than a hundred thousand to live hundred 
thousand. From a small commercial — but always an 
active and energetic commercial city — it has developed 
into a great manufacturing and commercial emporium. 
Every avenue to this magnificent development has 
been illuminated by The Sun. At a time when those 
who had prospered in commerce were content to keep 
solely to commercial lines, this paper lent its growing 
influence to the encouragement of manufacturing as 
the great reliance of commerce, and it has been from the 
start the leading paper of Maryland and the South. 




THE SUN OFFICE, BALTIMORE, MD. 



MARYLAND. 



43 



The Sun was a steady friend of the Maryland Insti- 
tute for the promotion of mechanic arts, the exhibitions 
of which thirty-live and forty years ago had a wonder- 
ful effect in advancing industries in the city. 

So, too, the first suggestion for a world's fair to cele- 
brate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America 
by Chrisopher Columbus, was made by the Baltimore 
Sun, January 2, 1882, the idea then being that it would 
take ten years to make the necessary preparations. 
The Sun's suggestion was to hold the fair in Baltimore ; 
then Washington city was urged, and Congress finally 
settled the question in favor of Chicago. 

Passing through its own various stages of develop- 
ment in keeping with the pace and progress of the city 
of Baltimore, The Sun on the 23d of May, 1892, appear- 
ed in its present form of eight or more pages, daily 
and weekly, for which a new equipment of fast per- 
fecting presses and other highly improved machinery 
was necessary. These new presses are the fastest and 
most complete for all the exigencies of the modern 
daily newspaper, whose burthen of world-wide intelli- 
gence must be quickly conveyed to constantly increas- 
ing numbers of readers, and they are at the same time 
but a step further forward in the progress of this 
remarkable era, when the printing press is in fact the 
pulse that beats to the time of an ever-advancing civili- 
zation. By reason of vastly increased circulation it is 
necessary for The Sun now to use two presses which 
will print 192,000 single sheet papers (four pages) or 
96,000 double sheet papers (eight pages) in an hour. 
The change affords an increase in space in the ordinary 
edition equal to nearly rive columns of the larger page 
previously published, while at any time the number of 
pages may be increased to as many as thirty-two, if 
necessary, so that the largest demands, both of news 
and business, may be accommodated. 



44 



MARYLAND. 



Though changed slightly in form to better suit the 
convenience of the reader as well as to secure all the 
advantages of rapid press work, the time-honored 
features which individualize The Sun have not been 
altered. There is no change in the style of the paper ; 
it is The Sun still, preserving its method of classifica- 
tion so valuable to readers, because it enables them to 
find what they want without trouble. But in other 
respects limitations or restrictions cannot be put upon 
enterprise which seeks to give the news and always 
intends to give it truthfully, as well as to comment 
on it fairly and fearlessly. 

It can be claimed for The Sun that it has kept pace 
with the progress of an age in which the press lias 
become a leader in thought and enterprise. Its inde- 
pendence and devotion to the best interests and the 
greatest good of the greatest number need no assertion . 
those attributes of honest journalism assert themselves, 
and will continue to be ever guiding and controlling 
principles. The phase of its career which the paper 
has now entered upon is a continuation of those methods 
of legitimate and enterprising journalism which have 
established The Sun in the confidence of the people 
both for what it says and for what it thinks. There 
could be no higher aim than journalism founded on 
such a basis, and it will be the endeavor of the pub- 
lishers to keep up to the highest mark, and at the same 
time to widen and broaden their enterprises in keeping 
with the magnificent opportunities which make this 
country the wonderland of development in ever depart- 
ment of human endeavor. 

THE SUN JOB OFFICE. 

To maintain its place at the head of the job printing 
houses in the South, The Sun Book and Job Printing- 
office has undergone radical improvements and costly 
additions to its already large facilities. Four splendid 



MARYLAND. 



45 



new Hoe cylinder presses of the latest design and 
highest effectiveness were put in during the year 1892, 
and thousands of pounds of type, including the best 
material for every description of printing, were added 
to the equipment of the establishment. The new 
machinery, in addition to the regular complement of a 
first-class office, does not include six Gordon job 
presses, which are also busily at work in The Sun job 
press-room. 

One of the large new presses is the Patent Stop- 
Cylinder machine, designed to do the finest description 
of book work and picture printing from black plates or 
colors. It will print Avith a delicacy of impression and 
accuracy of register unsurpassed by any other machine. 
The press is next to noiseless in its motion, yet by use 
of a lately perfected cam device the speed is quickened 
greatly over that of other presses of similar design, 
while there is no detriment to the press or to the 
quality of its product. Another of the new machines 
is a patent Two-revolution, Four-roller Cylinder Press, 
intended specially for illustrated newspapers, peri- 
odicals and rapid book work, which it turns off at a 
high rate of speed with accurate register and excellent 
distribution of ink. The press takes its name from the 
fact that the cylinder makes two revolutions to each 
run of the bed, rising to let the bed run back. This 
machine runs on newly patented air springs and is 
noiseless in its work. A patent news and job cylinder 
press is another of the new machines. It has the drum 
cylinder and turns off at a rapid speed the best class of 
job and stationery work, and does it noiselessly, as its 
bed also runs upon air springs and its fly works with- 
out sound. The sheets are not delivered by tapes, 
which are apt to smear the paper, but the fly takes the 
finished work directly from the cylinder and deposits 
it upon a table. The Pioneer large cylinder press is 
the last though not the least of the quartet. It will do 



46 



MARYLAND. 



in the best manner newspaper, job and poster work. 
Like the others named, the newest appliances are used 
in all its parts to save time and labor to the pressman 
and to facilitate promptness in finishing a job of print- 
ing. The new type outfit contains all the newest and 
handsomest faces that could be gotten together for 
every sort of fine book, job, news, catalogue and adver- 
tising work. With this there is a large assortment of 
poster type, and there is nothing in the printing line, 
however large or small, that cannot be executed in the 
handsomest style through the new facilities of The 
Six Book and Job Printing Department. 




THE SUN OFFICE. WASHINGTON, D.C. 



CHAPTER VII. 



BALTIMORE CHRONOLOGY. 



A summary of some of the leading events in the his- 
tory of Baltimore will be found in chronological order 
as follows : 

1776— Dec. 20— The Continental Congress assembled 
in Baltimore, and on the 27th first invested Gen. Wash- 
ington with dictatorial powers. 

1784 — Peter Carnes ma Lie tut m^i uai^..:' *rion 
in the United States from Howard's Park. 

1784 — December 27.— The first Methodist Episcopal 
Church in the United States was organized in Baltimore, 
and here Rev. Thos. Asbury was made the first bishop 
of the Church in America. 

1790 — August 15. — Rev. John Carroll, of Baltimore, 
who was appointed the first vicar-general of the Catholic 
Church in America in 1786, was consecrated the first 
Catholic bishop of the United States. In 1808 he was 
made the first archbishop. 

1792— The Baltimore Water Company, the first of the 
kind in the United States, was formed. 

1808 — Major George Peter organized the first horse 
artillery at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. 

1810 — Peregrine Williamson was granted a patent for 
metallic writing pens, the first of the kind manufactured 
in the United States. 

1813 — " The first marine artillery of the Union " was 
organized at Fort McHenrj^, Baltimore. 

1814 — The defeat of the British before Baltimore by 
its citizen soldiers was the first of a brilliant series of 
events in the war of 1812 that brought about peace. 

1815 — July 4. — The corner-stone of the first monument 
erected to the memory of George Washington was laid. 



48 



MARYLAND. 



1815 — Sept. 12. — The corner-stone was laid of the Bal- 
timore Monument, to the memory of those who fell in 
defense of the city in the war of 1812-14 with Great 
Britain. 

1816— June 17.—" The Gaslight Company of Balti- 
more " was the first company organized in the United 
States to manufacture gas for street and general use. 

1819— April 26.— The first lodge of Odd-Fellows in the 
United States was formed in this city by Thomas 
Wildey and several others. 

1827— April 24.— The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
Company was the first railroad company organized in 

1828— The Methodist Protestant denomination Mas 
founded. 

1828— Ross Winans rirst l invented " the outside bear- 
ing" to railroad carriages, which is now the only 
bearing used throughout the world. 

1828— December 10.— The first American patent for a 
locomotive was taken out by Wm. Howard, of Balti- 
more. 

1829— The first silk ribbons made from American >ilk 
were made in Baltimore. 

1830— January.— The first car ever propelled by a <ail 
was run on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

1830— August 28.— Peter Cooper made the first jour- 
ney in America by steam car from Baltimore city to 
Ellicott's Mills and return. This distance— thirteen 
miles — was made in 57 minutes. 

1831— December 12.— The first national republican or 
whig convention assembled in Baltimore, and nominated 
Henry Clay for president and John Sergeant for vice- 
president. 

1832— May 21. — The first democratic national conven- 
tion was held in Baltimore, and nominated General 
Jackson for re-election as president. Martin Van Buren 
was nominated for vice-president. 



MARYLAND. 



49 



1833 — The Improved Order of Red Men was first 
founded in Baltimore. 

1838 — May 20. — The hrst regular steam vessel that 
crossed the Atlantic from the United States direct was 
the steam packet " City of Kingston," Capt. Crame, 
which steamed from Baltimore. In 1837 and 1838 
Baltimore was the first to build two wholly iron steam- 
boats, the "Mary Summers" and " De Rosset," at the 
works of Watchman and Bratt, south side of the basin, 
for river navigation in Georgia and South Carolina. 
(See Baltimore Sun Supplement, Nov. 3, 1884.) 

1839 — The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery was 
incorporated, being the oldest in the world. 

1844 — The first electro-magnetic recording telegraph 
line in the United States was established by Prof. Morse 
between Washington and Baltimore. The hrst experi- 
ment was made April 9, and the line completed May 24. 

1844 — The Sun was the first newspaper in the world 
to make use of the electric telegraph. 

1840 — May 11. — The hrst presidential message ever 
transmitted by telegraph was exclusively sent to The 
Sun. 

1848 — November. — George B. Simpson exhibited in 
Baltimore the hrst successful submarine telegraph, the 
one now in practical use by all telegraph companies. 

1850 — May. — The Independent Order of Red Men of 
the United States was first organized in Baltimore. 

1851 — The Sun Iron Building was the first cast-iron 
building in Maryland, and the first iron newspaper 
building in the world. 

1853 — The first Hoe type-revolving cylinder presses 
successfully used in the United States were introduced 
in The Sun building. 

1860 — May 8. — The first national constitutional Union 
party convention was held in Baltimore, and nominated 
John Bell, of Tennessee, for President, and Edward 
Everett, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. 



50 



MARYLAND. 



18G0 — June 18. — The first split in a national democratic 
convention took place in Baltimore on the 22d of June, 
and on the following day the seceders nominated John C. 
Breckenridge their candidate for President, and Joseph 
Lane for Vice-President. The regular convention 
nominated Stephen A. Douglass for President. 

1861— April 19.— The first blood shed in the late civil 
war took place in the attack on the Sixth Massachusetts 
Regiment by the citizens of Baltimore, when four sol- 
diers and twelve citizens were killed. 

1862 — Horace Abbott, at the Canton Iron Works, 
rolled the iron armor plates for the first " monitor " 
built in the United States. 

1867— November 27.— The Order of the Knights of 
Pythias was instituted in Baltimore. 

VITAL STATISTICS, BALTIMORE, 1892. 



Wards. 


*Popula- 
tion . 


Total 
deaths. 


Death rate 
per 1,000. 


Dwellings. 


First, 


23,174 


536 


23.30 


4,235 


Second, 


19,415 


577 


30.37 


2,511 


Third. 


16,318 


360 


22-50 


2,770 


Fourth, 


16,400 


309 


19.31 


2,821 


Fifth. 


16,670 


345 


21.56 


2,864 


Sixth. 


28,145 


788 


28.14 


5,541 


Seventh. 


35,739 


575 


22.11 


5,832 


Eighth, 


26,682 


571 


21.15 


4,740 


Ninth, 


16,882 


521 


30.64 


2,154 


Tenth, 


16,147 


335 


20.94 


2,(354 


Eleventh, 


21,269 


467 


22.24 


3,821 


Twelfth, 


25,426 


556 


.)•> oj. 


5,595 


Thirteenth. 


15,026 


415 


27^66 


2,571 


Fourteenth, 


18,062 


402 


22.33 


3,402 


Fifteenth, 


15,141 


344 


22.93 


2,392 


Sixteenth, 


14,838 


371 


24.73 


2,533 


Seventeenth. 


26,483 


637 


24.511 


4,291 


Eighteenth, 


27,487 


649 


24.03 


5,218 


Nineteenth. 


25, 458 


537 


21.48 


4,083 


Twentieth, 


20,610 


493 


23.66 


4,871 


Twenty-first, n 


If,, 428 


323 


20.19 


3,334 


Twenty- second, 


24,327 


471 


19.62 


5,375 


Totals. 


455,427 


10,582 


23.25 


84,247 



* Police Census, 1890. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



AGRICULTURAL CONDITION. 



The latest statement of the agricultural condition of 
Maryland and the needs of the State in this particular, 
are given in a report by Mr. A. B. Howard, Jr., Chief 
of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics. The following 
summary has been made up from the details furnished 
by this report. The conclusion to be drawn from the 
facts supplied is that Maryland offers many induce- 
ments for settlers. Good labor is everywhere in demand 
to begin with, and land is cheap and to be had in tracts 
of any size from an acre upwards. The progressive 
agriculturists are everywhere getting out of the old 
ruts and turning their attention to those branches of 
farming which pay better than the raising of a few 
staple products exclusively. The farming of the State 
is becoming more and more varied every year, and 
dairying, stock-breeding, poultry raising, sheep raising, 
packing and other industries are being profitably com- 
bined with agriculture. In this way Harford, Carroll, 
Frederick and some other counties have taken the lead 
of the others in canning tomatoes, corn and other pro- 
ducts, while in some of the counties small fruit growing 
and peach packing are followed to a considerable ex- 
tent. The migration of the negro element from the 
country to the towns tends to break up the large estates 
into small ones and clear the way for immigrants and 
other new settlers who desire cheap and fertile land, 
with congenial social surroundings. 

For the purpose of geographic description, the natural 
divisions of Maryland are here classified in the same 
way as for its climatic description, viz: into the 



52 



MARYLAND. 



divisions of Eastern, Southern, Northern-Central and 
Western Maryland. 

EASTERN MARYLAND. 

The counties of Eastern Maryland are as follows : 
Worcester, Dorchester, Queen Anne's, 

Somerset, Caroline, Kent, 

Wicomico, Talbot. Cecil. 

These Maryland counties with the State of Delaware 
and two counties of eastern Virginia form the Pen- 
insula, which is widely known for its peach-growing 
industries and numerous other profitable pursuits. 

Worcester is the only county of Maryland which 
touches the Atlantic Ocean. The coast is a sand-barrier, 
inside of which is Sinepuxent Bay and Chincoteague 
Sound. The whole region offers many inducements for 
enterprise and development, the natural resources being 
timber, fisheries, facilities for oyster planting, and a 
soil and climate wonderfully adapted for the early pro- 
duction of small fruits and vegetables. Worcester and 
Caroline are the onlj T counties of eastern Maryland 
which do not touch the Chesapeake Bay. All the other 
seven counties have the Chesapeake for the western 
boundary, while the Delaware line runs straight down 
the Peninsula. 

The Eastern Shore is uniformly level, with good roads 
which are easily kept in proper condition, and cheaply. 
The land is deeply indented by tidal estuaries. The 
proximity of the ocean and the bay greatly modifies the 
temperature. Tidal estuaries, "creeks," as they are 
generally called, and larger streams are so numerous 
that in some parts of the region there is a water 
approach to a majority of the farms. Living is so cheap, 
and oysters and fish so abundant that labor is unreliable 
and hard to keep at regular and systematic employ- 
ment. Desirable settlers, who Avould make use of the 



MARYLAND. 



53 



abundant opportunities that exist for development, 
would be gladly welcomed nearly everywhere. 

In Worcester county, settlers are wanted and tracts 
of land, in sizes to suit, can be had in great numbers. 
Not more than one-fourth of the land is worked by the 
owners, tiie balance under cultivation being rented. 

About one-half the land under cultivation in Wicom- 
ico county is worked by the owners. Fairly good land 
may be had for $10 an acre, and there is an abundance 
of it to be had. Salisbury, the county seat, is one of 
the most enterprising towns in the State. The annual 
volume of its mercantile business is over a million 
dollars, and it is the site of some extensive manufactur- 
ing establishments. 

Talbot county farmlands contiguous to water bring 
$40 to $60 an acre, while those at a distance from water 
may be had at $30 to $50. Practically all the suitable 
land is under cultivation in Talbot and two-thirds of it 
is worked by the owners. 

Somerset county has a great deal of uncultivated land, 
which could be had by settlers on easy terms. 

About half the land under cultivation in Queen xlnne's 
county is worked by the owners and the rest is rented. 

The farms in some parts of Kent county are too large, 
and industrious settlers with small capital could easily 
divide them. Such settlers would be welcomed. 

Marl is found in large quantities in Dorchester and it 
possesses tine fertilizing qualities. There is much 
marshland which is given up to grazing cattle. Lands 
may be bought in tracts of twenty acres and upwards at 
low prices, and on easy terms. Cambridge, the county 
town, has ship building and other industries, and is one 
of the most beautiful places in the State. 

Land may be bought in Caroline county as low as 
$10 or $15 an acre. Great industrial progress has been 
made in Caroline in recent years. 



54 



MARYLAND. 



Cecil county stands in need of a greater population. 
There are unused lands which might he acquired 
reasonably. The manufactures of Cecil are important. 
Among the industries are rolling mills, forges, blast 
furnaces, paper mills, flour mills, fire-brick, kaolin and 
pottery factories. 

SOUTHERN MARYLAND. 

The surface of the land in Southern Maryland is 
somewhat higher and more broken than in Eastern 
Maryland. The counties which compose this tobacco 
growing section of the State are: 

St. Mary's, Prince George's, 

Calvert, Anne Arundel. 

Charles, 

Perhaps no part of the State offers greater oppor- 
tunities for development or inducements to settlers 
than are to be found in these five counties. Besides 
woodland, about one-third of the land in St. Mary's 
county is untilled and much of it is badly worn. There 
is also a large amount of land held in large tracts 
uncultivated because the owners are unable to work it 
to advantage. The price of much interior lands is 
merely nominal. Some of it may be bought for $ 
$4 an acre, while land contiguous to water may be had 
for $10 to $30 an acre. Along the water there are 
many farms containing 400 and 500 acres. Settlers 
desiring to locate will find plenty of land at a low figure, 
and those without sufficient capital to buy, can rent 
upon easy terms. The county offers good inducements 
to colonies. 

Chief Howard, of the Bureau of Statisties, in his 
report for 1893, says : "Calvert county — Many natural 
advantages commend it to persons who desire homes 
in this section of the State. The farming lands are in 
really good condition, though, owing to the sparseness 
of the population, only to a small extent improved. 



MARYLAND. 



55 



Land thickly wooded with well grown pines, poplar, 
hickory, oak and gum timber is to be obtained at low 
rates, and when cleared is very productive. This land 
can be obtained at ab )ut $2 an acre, wiiile good cleared 
lands, which are very productive, are sold at from $4 to 
$10 an acre. The best river bottom farm lands, the 
finest in the country, can be bought for $20 an acre." 
The greater part of the county is unimproved, because 
the farmers are unable to cultivate more land than has 
already been cleared. There is great need of popu- 
lation, and industrious settlers would be gladly 
welcomed. The chief mineral deposits of Calvert 
county are iron ore and silica, the latter being very 
profitable and of superior quality. 

It is estimated that at least 30 per cent, of the land 
under cultivation in Charles county, in 1860, is now 
idle, due chiefly to the unreliability of local labor. 
About a third of the farmlands of Charles county are 
worked by the owners, and reliable labor is always in 
demand. There is an abundance of well watered 
timber land which could be purchased at low rates and 
on easy terms by settlers. In Charles as well as in 
Prince George's and other counties of Southern Mary- 
land, marl is found in large quantities. 

In Prince George's county the land holdings are 
still large, and about one-half of the total area is un- 
tilled. The subdivision of farms and an influx of 
settlers is greatly desired. It is stated on State official 
authority that "Every inducement is presented bj^ the 
county for those who would be in a position to buy 
small farms. The taxes are low, good educational 
facilities are afforded, and land can be obtained in 
almost any sized tracts, on very reasonable terms. The 
needs of Prince George's are an increased population, a 
greater number of land owners, as distinguished from 
renters, and a better class of laborers." 



56 



MAKYLAND. 



Anne Arundel, in which is situated Annapolis, the 
capital of the State, has a great variety of soil and im- 
portant mineral deposits, including valuable porcelain 
clays and glass sand. Farming is largely devoted to 
raising fruits and vegetables. In the northern part of 
the county the price of land ranges from $50 to $200 
an acre, while in other sections it is in some cases as 
low as $5 an acre. The average price is about $30. 
There is a great deal of untilled land and the propor- 
tion of woodland is about one-third of the county. 
The supply of labor is never equal to the demand. 
Chief Howard, of the Bureau of Statistics, says : "Lands 
can be purchased by immigrant settlers in tracts of from 
one acre to 1,000 acres.' 1 Many portions of Anne Arun- 
del county are identical in soil with the famous small 
fruit-growing county of Cumberland, New Jersey, in 
which is situated Yineland. The climate of Anne Arun- 
del is more favorable than that of Cumberland county, 
N. J., and offers special inducements to fruit growers, 
and the location is such that there is a choice of 
excellent city markets. 

WESTintX MARYLAND. 

The western section of Maryland, wedged in between 
Pennsylvania and the Virginias, is the hill country of 
the State, where bituminous coal gives a stimulus to 
industry, and where manufacturing operations as well 
as prosperous farming are carried on extensively. The 
counties composing this division of the State are : 
Allegany, AVashington, 

Garrett , Frederick. 

Western Maryland has a succession of parallel ranges 
of mountains with deep valleys, which drain chiefly 
into the Potomac river. The mountains reach 3,000 feet 
and more in altitude, and in the west rise from a high 
plateau, which declines gradually beyond the limits of 
the State. 



MARYLAND. 



57 



Ten per cent, of the area of Garrett county is yet 
covered by virgin forests, and not more than a small 
part of the cleared land is under cultivation. There are 
no worn out or abandoned lands in the county. Lum- 
ber mills are numerous. Part of the George's Creek 
coal basin is in Garrett, and there are other coal 
measures, but in agriculture is thought to be the future 
source of its wealth. Settlers will rind a far more 
moderate climate in Garrett county than in the west 
or northwest. They will also find cheap land and rich 
soil. Sheep raising has already become an extensive 
and profitable industry. The maple sugar industry is 
also largely prosecuted, the average annual crop being 
about 250,000 pounds. The resources of Garrett in 
timber, coal, iron ore, fire clay and lime stone are 
inexhaustible. 

The chief source of wealth in Allegany county is 
its coal fields. Cumberland, the county seat, is an 
industrial centre, having steel works and iron works, 
furniture factories, cement works, lumber mills, glass 
factories, machine shops, extensive tanneries and many 
other large industrial establishments, including potteries, 
lire 1 trick works and the manufacture of ornamental tiles. 
Agriculture forms but a limited part of the productive 
employments of the people. Statistician Howard's 
report for 1893 says : 

"About two-fifths of the area of Allegany county is 
woodland. This woodland, if divided into small hold- 
ings, would open up a vast area upon which immigrants 
might settle with profit to themselves and to the county 
and State. A great deal of the mountain land is used 
for grazing purposes. German and Scotch immigrants 
are much desired, and they would find every facility 
for their comfort and convenience at hand. The 
present owners would lie willing to divide the land 
into almost any sized tracts, and purchasers by taking 
one-half woodland could buv it for about six dollars an 



58 



MARYLAND. 



acre. A great many farmers are anxious to dispose of 
a portion of their holdings, as they find their farms too 
large." 

It is claimed that Washington county has more miles 
of turnpike roads than any county in the United States. 
Besides this, it is traversed by many lines of railroads. 
Hagerstown, the county seat, and the seat also of much 
actively employed and safely invested capital, has com- 
peting lines of railway to every important place in the 
country. Manufacturing industries are machine works, 
wagon factories, bicycle factories, steam engine and 
boiler works, spoke and rim factories, paper mills, silk 
ribbon works and other textile manufacturing establish- 
ments. Washington county is a limestone region ; the 
land is rich and the wheat crop is large. Great attention 
is paid to the cultivation of fruit apples, grapes, cherries, 
plums and peaches. The fruit is all superior and com- 
mands good prices. Within the past few years it was 
developed that a belt of land extending along the foot 
of South Mountain is peculiarly adapted to the growth 
of fine peaches. The consequence has been the imme- 
diate establishment of peach orchards throughout the 
mountain region, where land, which previously would 
not have sold for $5 an acre, has advanced to $50 and 
even to $100 an acre. 

Frederick is the richest, agriculturally, of the coun- 
ties of Maryland. Very little or none of the land is 
uncultivated. It is the leading wheat-growing county 
in the State, and it has some of the best stock farms in 
the country. Dairy products, sheep raising, hog raising, 
poultry breeding and other similar industries give con- 
stant employment and variety to the farm life. Good 
labor is in constant demand. Among the manufactories 
of the county are numerous flour mills, tanneries, dis- 
tilleries, iron furnaces, woolen mills, lime kilns, brick 
kilns, brush factories and some of the most extensive 
vegetable packing establishments in the United States. 



MARYLAND. 



59 



Frederick city, the county seat, is arrold and important 
town, from which an electric railroad line is projected 
to connect with the Middletown Valley and on through to 
Washington county. Frederick is also solid financially 
and enjoys a large trade with an important back coun- 
try. Its manufactures are growing in number and 
variety every year. In the whole county there are 151 
public school houses and 140 churches. 

NORTHERN-CENTRAL MARYLAND. 

Under the heading of Northern-Central Maryland 
may be grouped rive counties, as follows : 
Baltimore County, Howard, 

Carroll, Montgomery. 

Harford, 
Baltimore county is a separate political subdivision 
of the State, independent of the city, but indebted to it 
for much that gives it importance. Indeed, it may be 
said that its importance is due chiefly to the overflow of 
population from the city, and to the industrial enter- 
prises which city capital has established. Many charm- 
ing situations have stimulated suburban development, 
until the city is girdled with an ever-widening belt of 
villages. Steam and electric railroads supply the means 
of rapid inter-communication, and on some of these 
lines many miles of suburban homes extend contin- 
uously. The country is elevated and healthy and some 
of the villa sites are amidst highly picturesque sur- 
roundings. Development is going on all the time, 
because the city is growing all the time and expand- 
ing its industries. There are paper mills, cotton fac- 
tories and other industrial establishments of magnitude, 
together with large breweries and distilleries. It goes 
without saying that in territory so close to a great 
metropolis, there is a never-ceasing demand for farm 
products, so that Baltimore county farmers on the 
north have the advantage, as Anne Arundef producers 



60 



MARYLAND. 



have on the south, of a market always near at hand in 
Baltimore City. Towson, the County Seat, is a thriving 
and go-ahead town, where three flourishing weekly 
newspapers are published. 

In Carroll county dairy farming and stock raising 
are carried on very extensively. Among the manufac- 
turing industries are a number of tanneries, distilleries, 
paper mills and various other mills, factories, foundries, 
machine shops, fruit, vegetable and hay-packing estab- 
lishments. Extensive areas of the county are occupied 
by old German settlers. Among these the farms aver- 
age about forty acres. The population is thrifty and the 
vacant land will hardly exceed one-tenth of the total area. 

There are 500 fruit and vegetable packing houses in 
Harford county, where the annual output of canned 
goods is, in favorable seasons, enormous. Organized 
effort is contemplated to induce settlers to locate in 
large numbers. Large tracts of land cannot be had, but 
small farms of 60 to 150 acres can be purchased at low 
price. The land has a good many of the characteristics 
of Southern Pennsylvania, which it adjoins. The 
country is rolling and well adapted to raising horses, 
cattle and sheep. Dairy farming is profitable. Among 
the manufacturing industries are paper mills and other 
factories. There is a large shoe manufactory at Havre 
de Grace, where ground and exemption of plant from 
taxation are offered to encourage manufactures, and 
where plenty of orderly labor is to be had. 

Howard county, like many other counties in the State, 
needs increased population and infusion of capital, 
improved labor, and subdivision of the larger farms 
into small holdings, to bring them within the reach of 
desirable and enterprising settlers. There are many 
good opportunites for making a comfortable living and 
laying up savings. There are some large cotton mills 
among the industiies of the county; also extensive 
flour mills, ekctric light works and other industries. 



MARYLAND. 



61 



Montgomery county, bordering the District of Colum- 
bia, is largely used for residence by persons doing busi- 
ness in Washington City. There are several electric 
and steam railway lines affording every transportation 
facility. In recent years numerous thriving settlements 
have been established close to the District of Columbia 
line, where desirable homes may be had at reasonable 
prices. The Great Falls of the Potomac in Montgomery 
county are capable of supplying immense water-power 
for manufacturing and producing electricity. Glen 
Echo, near Cabin John Bridge, has an immense audi- 
torium for Chautauqua assemblages. The building is 
one of the largest places of popular gathering in the 
United States. 

RICH MARSH LANDS. 

"There are many large tidal marshes in Maryland, 
the reclamation of which would be very beneficial to 
the public health and add millions to the general wealth 
of the State. Thousands of the most fertile acres could, 
with little comparative expense, be brought into the 
highest state of productive cultivation." This is the 
opinion of experts who have investigated the marsh 
lands of Maryland at the instance of the Department of 
Agriculture in Washington City. That there should be 
a vast area of such lands in territory watered like 
Maryland, is to be expected. That they should be of 
the richest soil to be found, is because "the Chesapeake 
bay is a great river valley," receiving the drainage of a 
vast area of fertile land. This drainage every year 
brings down a black sediment, which makes in the bay 
and its tributaries what is known as "oyster mud," and 
leaves deposits on the marsh lands that continually 
enrich the soil. These conditions not only contribute 
to the development of the oyster in the waters, but 
they make land which if properly utilized would exceed 
in productiveness any now under cultivation* 



62 



MARYLAND. 



In Worcester county there are many thousand acres 
of tide marshes on the mainland, bay shores and creeks, 
none of which have been diked, the tidal action not 
being sufficient to secure drainage through sluices for 
marshes that are near the level of mean high water, 
without the use of machinery for raising the drainage 
water. There are great marshes on the Pocomoke 
river, however, to which this objection does not apply. 

Somerset has about 25,000 acres of marsh land and 
the tidal action is sufficient for drainage. The taxation 
is about twenty-five cents an acre. \Vicomico count}'' 
has several thousand acres of marshes, mainly on the 
Nanticoke river, all unreclaimed. There are over 5,000 
acres of tidal marsh lands on the Xanticoke river in 
Dorchester county, at a general elevation of 3| to 4 feet 
above low water. The common rise of the tide is 3i 
feet. The marshes are used for grazing ; they are valued 
at $1 to $5 an acre; upland $6 to $30. 

The low maishes in this section produce wild oats, 
and lower down on the Xanticoke river other grasses. 
An attempt was once made to reclaim the Xanticoke 
marshes above Vienna for cotton and rice, but it was 
abandoned. On the upper Choptank, Caroline county 
has about 1,000 acres of tide marsh sufficiently elevated 
to afford perfect drainage, and none is diked. The land 
is used only for grazing and is valued at $2.50 an acre. 

Mr. D. M. Xesbit, of Prince George's county, who 
prepared the report for the Agricultural Department on 
Maryland marshes, says : The marsh land of Talbot 
county is equal to any in the world, and it could never 
be worn out. Talbot has a large frontage on tide water 
and contains many thousand acres of marsh land that 
could be reclaimed at moderate cost and made very 
valuable, but that so far none has been diked. The 
lands are chiefly alluvial, six to eight feet. Common 
tide rises three feet. The natural vegetation is a coarse 
cane grass, reed, flag and rush. On the east the Chop- 



MARYLAND. 



63 



tank and Tuckahoe marshes are nearly a mile wide, 
narrowing as the streams are ascended. The salt water 
streams, such as Tred-Avon, Miles and AYye, have no 
marsh, but solid shores with verdure to the water's edge. 

Kent county has marshes that could be made very 
valuable. In Cecil county no attention has been paid to 
the marshes, except on the Sassafras, Avhere a few acres 
were banked from the tide, but the muskrats invaded it 
and the bank was allowed to go down. Harford county 
has perhaps 15,000 acres of tide marsh on the Susque- 
hanna, Bush and Gunpowder rivers. The elevation 
above low water is 1 to 2± feet, and the common tide rises 
Si feet. The marshes are chiefly alluvial, with clay or 
sand sub-soil ; depth, 4 feet. The vegetation is coarse 
grasses. No attempt has been made at reclamation. 

In Southern Maryland the tide marshes are capable of 
being made valuable productive lands; but none have 
been diked or reclaimed. There is an immense marsh 
area along the Patuxent. Calvert has extensive marsh 
areas. The marshes of Prince George's are formed in 
the bends of the rivers. They are covered with wild 
oats and grasses, which fatten cattle very fast. The 
grazing is good also in the marsh lands of Charles 
county, where tracts may be bought for $8 an acre. 
St. Mary's county, a peninsula, nearly surrounded by 
tide water, contains large areas of unimproved marshes. 

Next to the cultivation of oysters, on a broad plan, 
there is in the diking, reclamation and cultivation of 
Maryland marshes, a source of wealth that cannot be 
overestimated, and of revenue to the State that cannot 
be measured. 

A NEW ERA IN FARMING. 

To sum up the agricultural condition of Maryland in 
1893, it may be said that a change has already set in, 
both in regard to the character of the labor and the 
methods employed by farmers. Negroes have to a large 



64 



MARYLAND. 



extent abandoned the fields' and flocked to the towns 
and cities. The white man is doing the farming, and it 
is expected that immigrants, if they come at all, will 
come chiefly as freeholders, not as farm laborers. They 
will do their own work. They will diversify their crops, 
adapting their agriculture to the needs and opportunities 
of a region within reach of four big cities, and abandon- 
ing the hopeless competition with the wheat and corn 
fields of the West. Indirectly, however, by reciprocal 
help in seedtime and harvest, they will solve the labor 
problem for the communities in which they settle. They 
will help each other, and the drifting of negro labor to 
the towns and cities will cease to paralyze agriculture 
in Southern and Eastern Maryland. 

At the bottom of the whole trouble in these sections 
is the fact that the civil war destroyed the organization 
of labor upon which the large farms were dependent 
for successful cultivation. The war gave the disorgan- 
ized units an opportunit} r to set up for themselves as 
farmers, but they have not, as a rule, accepted it, pre- 
ferring menial service and desultory employment in the 
towns. 

The field is thus cleared for newcomers of a different 
race who have the European longing for land and love 
for rural life. In other words, the conditions that make 
the West and Northwest attractive to German and 
Swedish immigrants — cheap land and a congenial social 
environment — are being established here in Maryland, 
as is indicated by the fact that 2,400 foreign immigrants 
voluntarily settled in the State during the year 1893, 
without any effort having been made by State or other 
agency to induce them to swerve from the tide that 
annually flows westward. 

Land-owners have found it more and more difficult to 
cultivate large tracts of land, and they must therefore 
from force of circumstances divide their estates and sell 
portions of them to newcomers. The details furnished 



MARYLAND. 



65 



above from each county and section of the State show 
that much of this land may be secured by desirable 
settlers. They exhibit, also, the quality of the soil and 
give some idea of the cheap rates at which land may be 
secured. Under the old system of large farms, farming 
had ceased to be a remunerative business, but it is the 
merit of the proposed promotion of immigration that 
it contemplates the introduction of new capital, new 
men, new enterprise and new ideas, to the benefit of all 
concerned. 

It has come to be realized that farming, to be success- 
ful, must be intelligent farming. To promote attaining 
the highest type of farming, Maryland has a State 
Agricultural College and an Agricultural Experiment 
Station, in Prince George's County, which are doing 
good work, the one in training the young and the other 
in supplying information for the guidance of the 
agriculturist. The intelligent farmer of to-day is simply 
making use of certain scientific facts that possess a 
practical application. The experiment stations have 
become schools of the most practical nature. The good 
accomplished in bringing about an era of better farming 
is due directly to the experiment stations and to the 
coming of the white man to the practical work of agri- 
culture in these times. 

• 

A GOOD LAND TO LIVE IN. 

Maryland stands as high as any other State. But its 
true wealth of products needs to be made as well and 
as widely known as those of some other States. It is the 
"land of the forest and the rock," of "broad blue bay 
and mighty river," and there are fortunes in the forest 
and the rocks and in the broad blue bay and the mighty 
rivers, while its genial soil responds liberally to every 
demand that intelligent labor can make upon it. What a 
showing of ores, coals,woods, cattle, horses, grains, fruits 
and flowers might be made ! All the products of the tern- 



66 



MAR YI AND 



perate zone, with some of the semi-tropical fruits, are 
brought forth in the greatest abundance in every section 
of the State. Those who wander in summer amidst its 
mountains are refreshed with its lovely scenery of wood 
and field. Nothing can excel its charming landscapes, 
for everywhere the useful is blended with the beautiful : 
the forest with the crag and the quarry, the rugged 
mountain side with the fertile slope, the rushing waters 
with the green pastures. Here nestles a pretty village 
and there a thriving town ; here a mill and there a 
furnace or a factory. Down where the State is flanked 
by the Potomac on one side and the Delaware on the 
other, and where the beautiful Susquehanna makes its 
way into the Chesapeake Bay, the scenery is a grand 
panorama of luxuriant farms and orchards, of winding 
streams and deeply shaded woods. From the mountains 
to the sea the State has been blessed by nature with all 
that can please the eye and command the admiration of 
man. To these attractions let us add those which are 
suggested by the presence of a refined and hospitable 
population, living amidst all the conveniences which a 
progressive age has given them, quick transportation 
by rail and steamer, public and private schools without 
superior, churches of every denomination, the two great 
markets which Baltimore and Washington afford, to say 
nothing of the vicinity of the larger cities further east or 
the smaller ones within and near the borders of the State. 
Thus, " in a nutshell," we have a summary of the 
physical and moral characteristics of Maryland. The 
prudent man in search of a home free from the ordinary 
vicissitudes of the settler in a new country, the farmer 
who seeks a better living nearer to the great markets of 
the east, the capitalist who would establish industries 
where mines and forests, railroads and rivers and 
abundant labor all combine to promote his purposes, 
might travel the whole country over from ocean to 
ocean and he would fail to find a better, brighter, purer 
land to live in than " Maryland, My Maryland." 





STATE HOUSE v ANNAPOLIS, MD. 



CHAPTER IX. 



MARYLAND DAY 



Maryland Day at the World's Fair, Chicago, Septem- 
ber 12, 1893, was selected because it was the anniversary 
of the Defense of Baltimore from the British attack in 
1814, and also in commemoration of the birth of the 
National Anthem, " The Star Spangled Banner," which 
was inspired by the bombardment of Fort McHenry. 
The programme arranged for the celebration at Music 
Hall on the fair grounds was as follows : 

Prayer — James, Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishop of Bal- 
timore. 

Introduction — Frank Brown, Governor of Maryland. 

Recitation — Star Spangled Banner, Miss Martha Ford, 
of Baltimore. 

Oration — John V. L. Findlay, of Maryland. 

Benediction — James, Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishop 
of Baltimore. 

Distribution Souvenir book on Maryland — By The 
Sun, Baltimore. 

More than three thousand people, nearly all of them 
representative Marylanders, including a large propor- 
tion of ladies, gathered in Music Hall to assist in these 
ceremonies. It was a splendid, an enthusiastic and a 
patriotic assemblage. All parts of the State were well 
represented, and there were a number present of descend- 
ants of Marylanders, who had settled in the West. The 
body of the hall was reserved for the veterans of the 
Grand Army of the Republic from Maryland, under 
Commander Frank Nolan. These veterans carried the 
flags of the State and of the Union, and headed a pro- 
cession in which the Governor and his Staff, the orator 
of the day and other participants rode in carriages 



68 



MAK ALAND. 



through the fair grounds from the Maryland Building 
to Music Hall. 

On the platform were Governor Frank Brown and 
his Staff iu full uniform, as follows : 

Adjutant-General H. Kyd Douglas; Generals Alex- 
ander Brown and Clinton P. Payne ; Colonels James 
A. Preston, Chas. H. Carter, Sherlock Swann, John 
Pleasants and Gerard L. Hopkins. 

The City of Baltimore was represented by Mayor 
Ferdinand C. Latrobe, Judge J. Upshur Dennis, States' 
Attorney Charles G. Kerr, City Commissioner Alfred 
E. Smyrk. 

The Maryland State Commission for the World's Fair 
was represented by Gov. Brown, Mayor Latrobe, Murray 
Vandiver, David Hutzler, Frank N. Hoen, J. Olney 
Norris, and Executive Commissioner George L. Mc- 
Cahan. 

Others on the stage were : Orator of the day, Mr. 
John V. L. Findlay, who was also the Maryland Day 
orator at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, in 
1876 ; Miss Martha Ford, daughter of Mr. John T. Ford, 
of Baltimore; Hon. Lloyd Lowndes, of Allegany, and 
Secretary of State William T. Brant! y. 

Behind the officials, dignitaries and other participants 
in the ceremonies was stationed the Iowa State Band, 
which had been specially equipped with a repertoire of 
Maryland music. The band began the ceremonies with 
the Armistead March, composed by Prof. James N. 
Deems, of Baltimore. 

When they struck up "Maryland, My Maryland," 
playing it with some variations which were new to the 
audience, it brought forth generous applause and excited 
the large and splendid assemblage into enthusiasm. All 
the pieces on the musical programme had some interest 
for Maryland. It was, in fact, a delightful feature of 
the day. Among the compositions was the " Tar and 
Tartar " medley, by Adam Itzel, Jr. Mr. Thomas F- 



MARYLAND. 



69 



McNulty, who has a clear tenor voice, electrified the 
assemblage with a new version of the song of " Mary- 
land, My Maryland," which he sang at the end of the 
programme, and which was an unexpected event. 

As the ceremonies progressed the assemblage warmed 
with Maryland music, Maryland poetry, Maryland 
oratory and Maryland patriotism, making the celebra- 
tion distinctive in every way, and a great credit to the 
State. The national song of the " Star Spangled 
Banner" had vocal as well as musical rendition — vocal 
in the beautiful recitation of the lines by Miss Martha 
Ford, whose voice was equal to the task of reaching 
every part of the house with great effect. The reading 
gave to many persons new ideas about the sonorous and 
vigorous lines of the poet. Every verse seemed to 
impart a fresh meaning, and the audience listened with 
intense interest, bursting into applause at the conclu- 
sion of every verse. When it was all over Miss Ford was 
surrounded by gentlemen on the stage and enthusi- 
astically congratulated. The first to come forward and 
shake her hand was the Cardinal, and then the Gov- 
ernor and many others near by. The band rendered 
"The Star Spangled Banner" in tine style to finish up 
the brilliant performance of the young lady. 

The part filled by The Sux in the programme was 
one of the interesting incidents of the celebration. 
This was the distribution of a handsomely printed and 
illustrated book on the " Resources, Industries and 
Agricultural Condition of Maryland, 1893." The book 
was the first edition of the present publication, especially 
prepared for the occasion by the publishers of The 
Sux, and it proved to be a very acceptable souvenir of 
the World's Fair. A large edition was distributed. 
Every person in Music Hall received a copy, and hun- 
dreds of other copies were given away at the Maryland 
Building and also in the Transportation Building, 
where Major J. G. Pangborn celebrated Maryland Day 



70 



MARYLAND. 



with music and decoration of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad's great exhibit showing the evolution of the 
locomotive. 

Tiie first suggestion of the World's Fair to commem- 
orate the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery 
of America was, as stated by Governor Brown in his 
speech, a Maryland suggestion. It was made by the 
Baltimore Sun January 2, 1882, the idea then being that 
it would take ten years for the necessary preparations. 
The Maryland idea was to make the four hundredth 
anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus 
the occasion for bringing the whole world together. 
The suggestion was one which had weight. It has been 
proved to be an idea, that sufficed to bring the world 
together — not in Baltimore, it is true, as was desired, 
but in Chicago, as Congress decreed. 

At the instance of Mrs. John Ritchie, the Liberty 
Bell in front of the Administration Building, near 
Music Hall, was rung in honor of Maryland Day by 
Bartholdi, the French sculptor of the Liberty Statue in 
Xew York harbor. 

The ceremonies were concluded by a reception in the 
evening by Governor Frank Brown at the Maryland 
Building, and afterwards by luncheon. The Maryland 
Building was illuminated. Chinese lanterns and lamps 
were placed all about the grounds, and the word 
''Maryland" in lights was displayed on the grass of the 
north front. There were specially designed fireworks 
on Lake Michigan. Pieces illustrating the bombard- 
ment of Fort McHenry and a design of the national 
flag were displayed with beautiful effect. There was 
such a crowd at the Maryland Building that it was 
hardly possible to move through the rooms with ease- 
Everybody was delighted with the success of the day's 
celebration. 



MARYLAND. 



GOVERNOR BROWN'S ADDRESS. 



71 



Governor Frank Brown, of Maryland, said : 

"My Fellow-Citizens: In appearing before you to 
speak a word in behalf of the old Commonwealth which 
I have the honor to represent as its chief executive, I do 
so with feelings of pride — not only of the fact that in 
this Union of States Maryland plays such a conspicuous 
part, but also proud of the fact that Maryland was one 
of the original States that formed this compact, and 
that upon Maryland's soil the voice of the Father of our 
Country was last heard as the warrior and statesman in 
one Maryland is the fortunate owner of the building 
in which the immortal Washington surrendered his 
commission. It was in Maryland's State House, in the 
eighteenth century, that the treaty of peace with Great 
Britain was ratified by Congress. And in the same 
building the first convention for the formation of the 
constitution of the United States was held. 

" It is to Maryland that you are largel} T indebted for 
the location of our national capital at the city of AVash- 
ington, she having ceded that section of our State now 
known as the District of Columbia upon the condition 
that it should be the permanent seat of government. 

" I hope the citizens of this great and rich State of 
Illinois and those from the other Northwestern States 
will pardon me for making the assertion that, except 
for Maryland, those States of the Northwest might not 
have existed to-day as separate and distinct govern- 
ments. If you ask why is the credit due to Maryland 
for the formation of these States, the answer is that 
Maryland refused to join the confederation of thirteen 
States unless the States of New York, Virginia and 
others of the Northeast would cede to the general gov- 
ernment the lands that these States claimed northwest 
of the Ohio river and extending to the Mississippi. 
Maryland contended that this great Western country 



72 



MARYLAND. 



was taken from England by the blood and treasure of 
the thirteen States, and, therefore, should be considered 
as common property to be divided by Congress into free 
governments. She was the last State to join the con- 
federation, refusing to do so until her claim was con- 
ceded. Although the remaining States had ratified the 
articles, Maryland still forbade her delegates in Con- 
gress to do so until the land claims were satisfactorily 
adjusted. I therefore say that to Maryland you largely 
owe your existence as separate and distinct sovereignties 
"Maryland not only figured conspicuously in the 
early history of this country, but to-day she holds her 
position among the leading States of this Union in all 
that makes the country great. It is to the enterprise of 
her sons that you of the West are largely indebted for 
all that has made you rich in lands and commerce. 
The citizens of Baltimore were the first to reach out to 
you the hand of fellowship by the construction of a 
steam railroad from the seaboard into the undeveloped 
interior of the "West. We of Maryland were the origi- 
nators of steam railways and of railroad charters in 
this country, and have stamped our road the Baltimore 
and Ohio, and were the first to introduce the telegraph 
as a means of communication by constructing the 
Morse telegraph line from Baltimore to Washington, 
and were amongst the early movers in steam naviga- 
tion. And when one gazes upon this magnificent pano- 
rama of buildings and exhibits, which we as a united 
country present to the world, one can well quote the 
first telegraphic message which flashed across the Morse 
instrument from Washington to Baltimore, ' What hath 
God wrought V ' And to the world at large we claim, 
without fear of contradiction, that Maryland stands 
forth proudly towering not only over her sister States, 
but over the civilized world, with the proud record of 
being the first government to declare for religious 
liberty and free exercise thereof. 



MARYLAND. 



73 



" Coming to the present day, if I mistake not, the 
inception of this exposition came from one of the daily 
journals of Maryland, the Baltimore Sux, as far back as 
1882 — it is true, with the hope that it might be at our 
metropolis or at our national capital. And step by step 
the idea has been fostered by our citizens, never losing 
sight of its importance to the country at large. We are 
here to-day to join hands and congratulate our sifter 
States upon this magnificent display of the resources 
and products of the greatest country on which God's 
sun to-day shines. We are here to join hands with you 
not only as sister States, but with our foreign brother, 
with whom we are directly connected by navigation 
from our seaboard at Baltimore to all parts of the 
world. And to these foreign countries we extend the 
most cordial welcome, and with the hand of fellowship 
we congratulate them upon the magnificent exhibits 
with whim they have honored us for the second time, 
embracing some of the works of art and science which 
have made their countries famous. 

" Maryland, though smaller in area than some of the 
great States of this country, is equally proud of the pos- 
sessions with which Almighty G-od has blest her — with 
a full and free exercise of religious liberty; with her 
many religious and charitable organizations ; with her 
sound and safe financial institutions ; with her great 
mineral wealth ; with the oyster beds of the Chesapeake, 
the most extensive in the world; with her mountains of 
coal, marble and granite; with the fertile lands, and 
with a healthy and salubrious climate; with her happy, 
prosperous, conservative and orderly people, and with 
the knowledge that her people construct to-day from 
the yawlboat to the steel cruiser, and from the wheel- 
barrow to the palace car, and with the fact that the 
whirl and hum of her machinery is felt in every clime, 
and that upon the seas of all nations ships are now sail- 
ing under the white wings of Maryland cotton duck, 



74 



MARYLAND. 



and through the port of Baltimore has been exported 
more of the grains of this country than in any of the 
great seaboard cities. The tall spires that adorn the 
cities within her borders indicate the thrift and enter- 
prise of her people. The foreign markets seek her ports 
for tobacco, wheat, corn, rye, oats, barley and hay. Her 
waters are as pure as the drippings from the mountain 
top. And she stands in the proud position of not only 
being the gateway between the North and the South, 
but the most direct and the nearest seaboard city to the 
Pacific Slope. 

iK Time prevents me from referring to her great men 
and to the important work they have performed as states- 
men and soldiers. But I simply indicate to a limited 
extent the great work that has been accomplished by a 
few of her citizens from patriotic, inventive and indus- 
trial standpoints. For Maryland is not only proud of 
the part her people have taken in the enterprises and 
progress of this country, but she is proud of the patriot- 
ism they have evidenced in all the great struggles in 
which this country has been engaged ; also of the 
appreciation of her people of the work of the great men 
of our country and State. 

"Upon Maryland's soil, and within the limits of the 
city of Baltimore, stands the first monument erected to 
the memory of Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of 
our country. Maryland was first to erect a monument 
in commemoration of the memory of the Father of our 
Country, which stands upon an eminence in Baltimore 
city— a shaft two hundred feet high, known as 'Wash- 
ington's Monument.' Another of our monuments, known 
as 'Battle Monument,' was erected in memory and bears 
the names of those who fell in the defense of our State 
and country in contending against the British forces in 
the years 1812-14. So you see she is always patriotic 
and ever ready to do her duty in peace or at war. 



MARYLAND. 



75 



" There has been no time in the history of this great 
country when we have better evidence of the stability 
of our State and people than the present. On every 
hand and in ever}' daily sheet we are warned of the 
failure or embarrassment of some financial institution, 
but Maryland stands forth in her proud position with 
not one blot upon her escutcheon.' 1 

MR. PINDLAY'S ORATION. 

Mr. John V. L. Findlay, the orator of the day, said : 
" I rejoice that Maryland has something to boast of 
besides sticks and stones It is true that her mountains 
are seamed with inexhaustible veins of coal with an 
established reputation in all the markets of the world ; 
that her hill slopes purple with the grape; that her 
valleys are rich in wheat, corn and tobacco, and that 
just now the crimson of the peach mantles in her 
blushing cheeks from mountain top to tide. The books 
will tell you that the Chesapeake hides beneath its 
broad waters mines of wealth more valuable than coal 
or iron, and that in the varied developments of agricul- 
ture, manufactures, commerce, the arts, and all the 
advanced processes of the higher education, particularly 
for women, Maryland is no laggard in the column of 
progress, but has her foot well advanced at the very 
head of the procession. But in the battle of the balance- 
sheets she will not only have eager competitors, but 
successful rivals. You must look elsewhere, therefore, 
for the real glory of Maryland than a census report, or 
even that very valuable work on the resources of the 
State recently published, and which every one should 
consult who would understand how surprisingly full 
Maryland is of everything that contributes to the com- 
fort and well-being of men. 

" A State not less than an individual develops a dis- 
tinctive character, and much of this character in both 
cases depends upon the original shoot and direction it 



76 MARYLAND. 

has been forced to take. The full developed man is, 
after all, but the evolution of the infant in the cradle; 
nay, more, the matured man is but the final expression 
of congenital and antenatal forces. In the same sense 
the body-politic, which we style the State, develops in 
accordance with a law deeply radicated in original ten- 
dencies. This law of birth that impressed itself upon 
the character of Maryland, and under the dominion of 
which the colony began to develop while still in a state 
of embryo in the groping conception of the elder Cal- 
vert, and through every subsequent stage of its career, 
with an occasional variation and eccentric departure, it 
is true, from the original trend, yet still on the whole 
preserving the proportions of symmetrical growth, was 
no other than that which Christ laid clown in simple 
phrase as the law universal of the moral world : ' Do 
unto others as you would have others do unto you ; ' a 
law as all-comprehending in the magnificent sweep of 
its generalization, as minute and microscopic in its 
application to particular instances, as the law of gravi- 
tation itself. 

" It may be that George Calvert and his sons Cecilius 
and Leonard had no clearer understanding of the great 
work they were accomplishing or the world-circling 
sweep of its influence than Columbus when by accident 
he stumbled on the picket posts of a continent. It may 
be, on a strict analysis of motive, the earthly and the 
human so mingled with the divine as to obscure and 
impair the perfect integrity of their work. What then ? 
Are we to join the mob of iconoclasts and deny the 
merit of the most beneficent act performed — I was 
about to say since Calvary? Nay, what was the sacrifice 
of Calvary worth if the sacred blood that then flowed 
merely prefigured the rivers of blood that were to flow 
thereafter from a world in arms for Calvary's sake and 
fighting and hacking in the name of Christ Himself. 



MARYLAND. 



77 



" I contend with confidence that the State which can 
claim the birthplace of religious liberty has a title to 
distinction paramount to all the inventions of art or the 
achievements of genius, and that the sagacious and 
charitable spirit of toleration infused into the early 
administrative policy of Maryland, and afterward incor- 
porated into the positive law of the land, has contributed 
more to the peace and happiness of mankind than all 
the wonderful appliances and devices which fill these 
buildings, and that if it were possible to take a step 
backward and repeal the solemn guarantees now opera- 
tive in the policy or imbedded in the constitutions of all 
civilized Christendom, whereby man is secured in the 
right to worship God or not, as he pleases, the relapse 
into barbarism would be more hopeless than if the world 
should lose the knowledge and use of steam and elec- 
tricity altogether. In making this assertion, I am not 
unmindful of the fact that the toleration of Calvert was 
confined to believers in the Christian religion, at least 
so far as it was enacted into law, and that infidels and 
others not accepting the orthodox faith were excluded 
from its protection. But at the same time I cannot for- 
get that if the history of the world, and of this country 
particularly, shows anything, it demonstrates that great 
principles, in all the stages of conception, birth and 
growth, mature slowly, and that the physical world, 
in the protracted evolution, by which it has been per- 
fected from the first crude beginnings to the rounded 
star, seems to find an analogue in the long-drawn-out 
and elaborate processes by which the moral economy 
emerges from chaos and marshals its forces into order 
and light. 

" This 12th of September might be appropriately ob- 
served and hereafter made a national holiday in honor 
of the star-spangled banner, for although in strictness 
this immortal lyric did not fashion itself in the over- 
wrought imagination of Key until the early morning 



78 



MARYLAND. 



of the 13th of September, it is nearly enough connected 
in time and with the sequence of events originating on 
the day before to be treated as an incident of the occa- 
sion which this anniversary more especially commemo- 
rates. The stars and stripes themselves had streamed 
at the front of two wars before the kindling geniu> of 
a Maryland man, exercised in the white heat of battle, 
translated the dumb symbol of national sentiment into 
a living voice and made it the sublime and harmonious 
interpreter of a nation's progress and power. 

"Without Maryland I do not think it is straining his- 
tory or indulging in a meaningless exaggeration to say 
that there would have been no United States ; that is, a 
union formed at the time and under the conditions in 
which the United States, as we know it, originated, and 
in affirming this I am stating a proposition of immense 
significance to the whole domain northwest of the Ohio. 

" It is a fact too well-known to the students of our 
history to require more than a passing reference that it 
Avas the sagacious, resolute and persistent stand of 
Maryland which saved to the Union all that portion of 
territory now carved into the powerful and populous 
States lying northwest of the Ohio and east of the Mis- 
sissippi. The claim of Maryland, founded in justice 
and right, was that this territory, having been Avon by 
the common exertions and sacrifices of the United Col- 
onies, Avas common property, to be used for the common 
benefit of all. This claim was resisted by Virginia and 
by other members of the confederation, claiming under 
elastic grants stretching from ocean to ocean, but especi- 
ally by Virginia, the dear old mother of States and states- 
men, Avho, even at that early day, had fallen into the 
habit of claiming the earth. Maryland refused to ratify 
the articles of confederation and was ready almost to 
hazard the success of Avar until this question was settled. 
Other members of the confederation AA T ho had united in 
supporting her contention yielded, but she stubbornly 



MARYLAND. 



79 



held out until the unreasonable pretension was aban- 
doned. 

" It is more than probable that the union which was 
made possible by the final concession of this claim would 
have been postponed until the then opportune fusion of 
the elements had cooled, or run into other and different 
moulds. Consider for a moment what the consequences 
would have been if Virginia, the largest claimant of the 
' back lands,' as they are called, had not with enlightened 
patriotism at last yielded to the firm demands of Mary- 
land, and all this territory had remained a part of the 
public domain of the Old Dominion, to be parceled out 
in land bounties to her officers and private soldiers just 
returned penniless from the war, or sold to replenish the 
failing revenues of her treasury, and you will see there 
is margin enough for the imagination to substitute a 
landed aristocracy on these fertile prairies, bound, it 
may be, by ties of allegiance to Virginia, in the place of 
the independent farmers who now till the soil which 
they own, all citizens of their own States, and partakers 
of the grandeur and dignity of that nobler citizenship 
which is derived from the United States. 

" In the early days of the republic the men of Mary- 
land, with unparalleled boldness, threw off their alle- 
giance to the British crown by demonstrations of open 
hostility nowhere else witnessed in the colonies. Massa- 
chusetts (and for all she has done and for the immortal 
names she has added to the roll of fame no State 
rejoices more than Maryland), but Massachusetts, in her 
early inquiries for liberty, hampered it maybe by her 
surroundings, traveled, like Nicodemus, by night. Mary- 
land, on the same journey, illuminated her pathway by 
a bonfire in Annapolis harbor, the flames of which 
flashed into the eyes of authority itself. 

" While some of the settlements protested as for a 
violation of common right, the courts of Maryland 
solemnly decided that the stamp act was unconstitu- 



80 



MAI1YLAXD. 



tional. It is true there were reasons to be found in the 
charter of Maryland which gave a peculiar sanction to 
this decision, yet, nevertheless, it has always struck me 
as the most unique and audacious stroke of the Revolu- 
tion this deliberate vacation and annulment of an act of 
Parliament by Frederick County Court, involving the 
exercise of a power which the highest court of Great 
Britain would not have dared to assert, and at the 
same time foreshadowing the peaceful North American 
policy of turning over for final adjudication disputed 
questions of constitutional law to an enlightened judi- 
ciary. 

"Maryland has not only on the whole been true to 
the principles of her faith, but in times of the severest 
financial strain has preserved her honor pure and spot- 
less as a virgin's. During the period of the confedera- 
tion, under great provocation, she yielded in a weak 
moment and consented to the issue of paper promises to 
pay, then known as bills of credit, to a considerable 
amount, but soon afterward, in 1786, guided by her good 
genius, she resolutely turned back again into the paths 
of honesty and truth, from which she has never swerved 
since. At a later period, ambitious and enterprising 
beyond her strength, pushing out her tentacles by water 
and rail to establish closer connections and draw in a 
larger trade from this western country, in which she 
was ahead of all her rivals, and smitten by the disastrous 
consequences of the panic of 1837, it seemed for awhile 
as if the enormous obligations she had assumed for the 
construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and 
the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal would overwhelm her 
in bankruptcy, and, like a good ship struck by a sudden 
squall, she bent and staggered for a moment, but in the 
end shook herself free from every embarrassment and 
discharged all her obligations to the last cent. The 
credit of Maryland stands as high to-day as that of 
Great Britain or the United States. 



MARYLAND. 



81 



'' .Men of Maryland, you who are here from the slopes 
of the Alleganies or the blue ranges of the North and 
South mountains; you who have come from the City of 
Monuments, one of which records in imperishable mar- 
ble the devoted valor of her patriotic sons who made 
this anniversary day illustrious in her annals; you who 
have come from the lowlands where the Atlantic breaks 
in thundering surge, or the bay, in softer key, laps the 
sandy beach of either shore, and all you, sons of Mary- 
land, who left the old roof tree to follow the immi- 
grants' trail through prairie and forest, and finally to 
hew out for yourselves a home in the far West, you and 
your children, wherever you come from, wherever you 
go, let the proud fame of your old State, associated with 
such traditions as these, cling to you like a mother's 
blessing and mingle in memory forever." 



CHAPTER X. 



MARYLAND BUILDING, WORLD'S PAIR, 1893. 



The Maryland Building at the Columbian Exposition, 
Chicago, cost $20,000. It was designed by Baldwin & 
Pennington, architects, of Baltimore, and built by F. 
Mertens' Sons, of Cumberland, Md. The style of archi- 
tecture is the so-called " free classic/' The extreme 
dimensions of the building, including porches, are 142 
feet long by 78 feet deep. The exterior is made of staff. 
The building has three handsome entrance porticoes, 
with columns of the Corinthian order of architecture. 
A spacious piazza, with deck roof supported by Corin- 
thian columns, is constructed in the rear. The central 
part of the first floor is occupied by a reception-room, 
bureau of information and a grand stairway, all treated 
in the colonial style, with rich details and delicate lines. 
On the right of the reception hall is the exhibition hall, 
25 by 26 feet, set apart for woman's work. This hall is 
supplemented by a ladies' parlor, 11 by 20 feet, and a 
toilet-room 8 by 15 feet. On the left of the reception 
hall is the general exhibition hall, 36 by 26 feet. On the 
second floor are three parlors, 13 by 17 feet each ; an 
office, 8 by 16 feet ; reading-room, 20 by 26 feet ; smok- 
ing-room, 11 by 16 feet, and a toilet-room for gentlemen. 

The building was used not only as headquarters for 
all citizens of Maryland, but as a place for receiving 
their mail matter, and for the exhibition of some of the 
more interesting products of the State and its historical 
souvenirs. 

THE COMMISSIONED. 

The U. S. Commissioners for the State of Maryland 
are as follows : 

James Hodges. Lloyd Lowndes. 

Mrs. fm. Reed. Mrs. Alex. Thomson. 




MARYLAND STATE BUILDING, CHICAGO, 1893. 



MARYLAND. 



83 



ALTERNATES. 

George M. Upshur. Daniel E. Conkliu. 

Mrs. J. Wilson Patterson. Miss Eloise Rorman. 

The State Commissioners appointed by the Governor 
are as follows : 



Frank Brown, 

Governor. 
F. C. Latrobe, 

Baltimore. 
Mrs. William Reed, 

Baltimore. 
Murray Vandiver, 

Harford Co. 
David Hutzler, 

Baltimore. 
J. Olney Norris, 

Baltimore. 



Frank X. Hoen, 

Baltimore. 
Frank S. Hambleton, 
Baltimore. 
John R. Bland, 

Baltimore. 
H. H. Dashiell, 

Princess Anne. 
Frank R. Scott, 

Elkton. 
James T. Perkins, 

Prince George's Co. 

Officers. 

Governor Frank Bi-qayu, President. 

Mayor F. C. Latrobe, Vice-President. 

J. Olney Norris, Secretary. 

Frank S. Hambleton, Treasurer. 

Wm. H. Love, Recording Secretary. 

EXECUTIVE COMMISSIONER. 

George L. McCahan. 

COMMITTEE ON WOMAN'S WORK. 

Mrs. Wm. Reed, Baltimore, Chairman. 
Mrs. Elihu E. Jackson, Mrs. Chas. M. Ellis, 

Salisbury. 
Mrs. John Ritchie, 

Frederick. 
Miss Tsabel Hampton, 

Baltimore. 
Miss M. E. Richmond, 

Baltimore. 



Elkton. 
Mrs. Alexander Neill, 

Hagerstown. 
Miss Henrietta Szold, 

Baltimore. 
Miss Elizabeth King, 

Baltimore 



Mrs. Henry Stockbridge, Baltimore. 



CHAPTER XI. 



THE CKUISEE, BALTIMORE. 



The U. 8. Steamship Baltimore, launched at Philadel- 
phia, October 6, 1888, being the first protected cruiser of 
the new navy, was presented with a select library by the 
A. S. Abell Company, publishers of the Baltimore Six, 
in honor of the name she bears. On the trial trip Sep- 
tember 14, 1889, the Baltimore developed an average 
speed of 20 2-10 knots an hour. Commodore W. S. Schley, 
of Maryland, who was appointed to command the vessel, 
declared that the cruiser was the fastest vessel of her 
tonnage afloat, and the fastest man-of-war in the world 
at that time. On Friday, November 15, 1889, another 
trial at sea was given, in which the speed averaged 20.1 
knots an hour, and the horse-power was 9,000, or 600 
above contract requirement. 

The Baltimore is classed as a "protected cruiser." 
The length of the ship is 335 feet ; beam 48 feet G inches ; 
mean draught 19 feet 6 inches, and displacement ton- 
nage 4,392. The cost of the ship without armament 
was $1,325,000. The material used in construction is 
mild steel. The plating is five-eighths of an inch thick. 
The protective deck is two and a-half inches to four 
inches thick, and the conning tower three inches thick. 
The motive power is steam alone. The cruiser has twin- 
screws with horizontal triple expansion engines, capa- 
ble of developing over 9,600 horse-power, and driving 
the vessel at the rate of 20.1 knots an hour, or 23.3 miles 
per hour, under forced draft. 

The principal battery consists of four 8-inch breech- 
loading rifled guns, mounted on the forecastle and poop 
decks, and six 6-inch breech-loading rifled guns mounted 
in broadside on the main deck. The weight of fire from 




THE CRUfSER "BALTIMORE.' 



MARYLAND. 



85 



these guns ahead and astern is 700 pounds ; the same 
abeam or in broadside is 800 pounds. The secondary- 
battery consists of two 1 -pounders, two 3-pounders and 
four 6-pounders, rapid-fire guns, four Hotchkiss revolv- 
ing cannon and two Gatling guns, mounted on the rail 
and in the military tops. The vessel is also equipped 
with V torpedo tubes for using the Howell automobile 
torpedo. 

The Baltimore is fitted with complete electric machine- 
ry and electric lights throughout the vessel. She has 
four powerful search lights and ninety-eight water- 
tight compartments. The machinery of the vessel in- 
cludes forty distinct and separate engines for various 
uses. The ventilation is perfected by two blower en- 
gines, the pipes from which reach every room and com- 
partment. 

On the 8th of May, 1890, the Cruiser, commanded by 
Captain W. S. Schley, came to Baltimore and received 
the honors of the city for which the vessel was named. 
The officers and crew enjoyed a round of five days en- 
tertainment, and thousands of people visited the ship. 
The Sun, May 0, issued a handsome illustrated supple- 
ment on a fac-simile page of the paper, giving a picture 
of the new cruiser under full steam, with portraits 
grouped around it of Admiral Gherardi, Commander 
Schley, Lieutenant-Commander Sebree and Chief Engi- 
neer Wharton. There was also a line picture of the 
typical American sailor, of The Sun library, presented 
to the vessel, of the City Hall, of the AVashington Monu- 
ment and The Sun Building. The supplement, printed 
in rive colors, was equally creditable to Baltimore artistic 
workmanship and to the subject commemorated. 



86 MARYLAND. 



BONG OF ''THE BALTIMORE. 



[Dedicated by The Sun to the Cruiser Baltimore. 
Music by Adam Itzel, Jr. 



Hurrah for the Cruiser Baltimore! 
Hurrah for the clipper ships of yore 
That flung- their white wings to the breeze 
And led the van in all the seas: 

The Baltimore! The Baltimore! 

And all the clipper ships of yore! 

Look where she floats all trim and neat. 

The swiftest racer of our fleet; 

Manned by a bold and valiant crew. 

In freedom's cause to dare and do. 

Oh! seamen now and evermore 
Keep bright her name of Baltimore! 

By freemen forged, from deck to keel. 

Her iron ribs and plates of steel; 

And every plank by freemen trod 

Drew life and strength from freedom's sod 

The Baltimore! The Baltimore! 

The gallant Cruiser Baltimore! 

A thousand hearts will follow thee 
To every port and every sea: 

Brothers and friends where storm winds blow, 

< >r beats the sun or falls the snow. 

All hail with joy the wide world o'er, 
The twice dear name of Baltimore. 



MARYLAND. 



SOME OTHER STEEL CRUISERS. 



87 



Two cruisers of the United States navy, the Detroit 
and the Montgomery, built at Baltimore, and their sister 
ship, the Marblehead, built at Boston, are deserving of 
mention. These ships are partially deck-protected, 
twin-screw steel cruisers, each being of the same meas- 
urements, draught of water, horse-power and arma- 
ment. Their dimensions are as follows : 

Displacement, tons, '2,000. 

Length on load-line, 257 feet. 

Breadth of beam, 37 feet. 

Draught of water, 14 feet 5 inches. 

Horse-power, 5,400. 

Contract rate of speed, IT knots. 
The armament provided for each ship is as follows: 

Two six-inch breech-loading guns. 

Eight rive-inch breech-loading guns. 

Six six-pounder, quick-firing guns. 

Five machine guns. 

Six torpedo launching tubes. 

The motive power is furnished by two triple expan- 
sion engines placed side by side, but in separate water- 
tight compartments. They are of the vertical, inverted 
cylinder, direct acting type, with cylinders 204, 39 and 
G3 inches in diameter by 20 inches stroke, designed 
to make 185 revolutions per minute. There are five 
boilers, three of which are double-ended, horizontal, 
return fire tube type, 18£ feet long by 11 feet 8 inches 
diameter, and two single-end boilers 9 feet long by 
11 feet 8 inches diameter. 

The sail equipment consists of two masts, rigged 
schooner type, with a square sail on the foremast, the 
total canvas area being 6,289 square feet. 

The cruisers have what is termed an open gun deck, 
the poop and forecastle decks being connected by a 
bridge extending fore and aft. Under the water-tight 
deck are placed the engines and boilers, magazines, 



88 



MARYLAND. 



shell-room, steering arrangements, &c, the space being 
so divided into compartments that should one section 
become disabled or flooded the others would remain 
intact and used for the purpose intended. There is 
extended through the principal part of the vessel a 
centre-line vertical bulkhead, which not only helps to 
support the water-tight deck but adds great strength, or, 
as some say, ''back bone" to the vessel. It also divides 
the vessel into water-tight compartments. 

Especially interesting is the coffer-dam protection 
along the entire machinery space, of cellulose. The 
Detroit was the first in the United States navy to carry 
this water-excluding belt, the efficiency of which had 
been practically tried in several navies, and notably in 
the case of the Danish vessel Hekla. There the 
thorough test was applied of shooting a projectile 
from a heavy gun entirely through the cellulose belt at 
the bow T s, and then steaming around for several hours, 
after which it was found that the water taken in prior 
to the automatic closing of the hole was only about a 
gallon. Cellulose is manufactured from the fibres of 
cocoanut husks, and has the property of absorbing- 
eight times its weight of water. Its great utility in 
shipbuilding w^as discovered by a French naval officer, 
whose crew were firing at a target made of moistened 
cocoanut husks. When the marksmen examined their 
target they found that eveiy perforation made by the 
bullets had closed, and with so great rapidity that not 
the slightest scar could be found. This led to a series 
of tests, which proved that ships built with a lining of 
cellulose would be practically unsinkable. There are 
oOO cubic feet of cellulose in the coffer-dams of these 
three sister ships. 

The Detroit was launched October 28, 1891, and on 
the official trial trip made 18i knots, which is l-£ knots 
in excess of contract stipulation. The Montgomery 
was launched December 5, 1891. 



■i 



. 



78°0O' 



77"0O' 



76 "00' 



F E ¥ N ^S ~Y. L V TAT N f A 



75*00' 




PM»TO.llTM^Jt MttMiCe MAir*,, *»t> 



EDWIN F. ABELL. 



GEORGE W. ABELL. 



T 



HE 




illy, One Year, $6. > 
;e Month, 50 cents. J 



A. 8. ABELL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, 
BALTIMORE, MD. 



( Weekly, One Yea. 
I Six Copies 



Thb Sun Building, Washington Bureau, 

E. Cor. Baltimore and South Sts. 1315-1317 F Street, Washington, L\ C. 

The Sun Is a complete Newspaper and the Best and Cheapest Advertising Medium 

in the United States. 




'Tig the Star-Spangled Banner, O! long may it wave, 
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave! 



A. S. ABELL COMPANY, 

THE SUN, 

Baltimore, ild. 



